Poland Poses Latest Challenge to European Union
Clash between Brussels and Warsaw over rule of law reflects wider tensions over sovereignty
ENLARGE
Over the past week, top officials from the Polish government and the European Union have been involved in frantic talks aimed at defusing a dispute over what is seen in Brussels as a potential threat to the rule of law in Poland.
The clash has raised anew fundamental questions over the European project. In particular, they include what powers should the EU institutions have to protect the democratic nature of the union, and how prescriptive should Brussels be in establishing acceptable rules of the political game?
The current confrontation goes back to the landslide victories in parliamentary and presidential elections last year by Poland’s conservative Law and Justice party, led by former prime minister Jaroslaw Kaczynski.
Soon after the government took office, it canceled a series of appointments to the top court made by the previous government and replaced them with its own candidates. The two sides then argued over which were valid.
It also passed a law requiring a two-thirds majority, rather than a simple one, for rulings and other changes that would make it more difficult for the court—which the government views as dominated by political opponents—to block legislation.
In March, the court ruled the law unconstitutional, saying it would slow its work and deny justice. The government refused to print the court’s rulings.
The EU stepped into the domestic dispute late last year, warning that Poland risked creating two parallel legal systems and that the changes could undermine judicial independence—a requirement for EU members.
Brussels officials worry the court fight could herald a broader drift in Poland in an authoritarian direction, with the government chipping away at media, judicial and other freedoms.
The government has rejected the charge. “Democracy is alive and well in Poland,” Prime Minister Beata Szydlo said in January.
Polish officials acknowledge the crisis has impacted the economy, hitting investment decisions. Standard & Poor’s downgraded Polish debt in January citing concerns that the “system of institutional checks and balances has been eroded significantly.”
The EU’s executive on Monday backed away from triggering a formal legal procedure that could lead to Poland losing some of its voting rights in the bloc. Following talks Tuesday in Warsaw, Brussels has delayed any decision until next week.
For the EU, the fight is an unwelcome crisis at a time of multiple other challenges, including a referendum in the U.K. next month on whether to stay in the bloc or go.
The Polish challenge isn’t the first in this area. Most notably, the EU has found itself in a regular war of attrition with Hungary’s Prime Minister Viktor Orban, who has spoken in favor of an “illiberal new state.”
Brussels has battled a range of Mr. Orban’s plans, including measures critics say were intended to give the government a tighter grip over the central bank, the judiciary and its data-protection agency.
In the late 1990s, worries about the rise of the anti-migrant, right-wing Freedom Party in Austria—another theme back in the news—persuaded the bloc to create the rule-of-law sanctions Poland is now being threatened with.
Yet those powers are less than they seem. The application can be blocked by just one other member state—a veto that Mr. Orban has said he would provide for Poland.
As Johannes Hahn, the European commissioner in charge of enlargement negotiations, said Thursday, while the EU has real leverage over a country negotiating to join, “we have very modest leverage after the accession.”
Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders wants that fixed. Faced with what he calls far-right and far-left populists, he said Monday that he was seeing growing support within the EU for a new toolbox focused as tightly on a country’s rule-of-law record as the bloc’s economic rules focus on fiscal policies.
“We must pay much more attention to the political criteria,” of membership, he said.
Yet many EU officials and diplomats say they see little prospect for that. The political mood, they say, is flowing in the opposite direction: anger at perceived interference from Brussels and growing calls for bolstering national sovereignty.
There has been plenty of criticism of the Polish government’s actions in Brussels, Berlin and even Washington. Yet even in traditional bastions of the EU like the Netherlands, Italy and France, the idea of handing power to EU officials to more closely monitor domestic institutions isn’t popular.
The result, says one senior EU official, is that Brussels will likely remain “stuck in a twilight zone,” trying to protect the checks-and-balances on governments without having real power to do so.
—Valentina Pop contributed to this article.
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Write to Laurence Norman at [email protected]























