Help:IPA for Taiwanese Hokkien
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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. See Taiwanese Hokkien phonology for more detail on the sounds of the language.
Note that English equivalents given in this page may represent only loose approximations to the original. In addition, the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literal reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.
Consonants[edit]
| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| p | p | ㄅ | 布 (pòo) | span | ||||
| pʰ | ph | ㄆ | 普 (phóo) | pan | ||||
| b | b |  |
明 (bîng) | a book [a] | ||||
| m | m- | ㄇ | 媽 (má) | moon | ||||
| am, om, im |  ,  |
暗 (àm), 參 (som)[b], 心 (sim) | rim | |||||
| t | t | ㄉ | 端 (tuan) | stop | ||||
| tʰ | th | ㄊ | 透 (thò) | top | ||||
| l | l | ㄌ | 來 (lâi) | lime [c] | ||||
| n | n | ㄋ | 泥 (nî) | noon | ||||
| -n | ㄣ, ㄢ | 因 (in), 安 (an) | ||||||
| k | k | ㄍ | 見 (kiàn) | skin | ||||
| kʰ | kh | ㄎ | 溪 (khe) | kin | ||||
| g | g |  |
義 (gī) | a goat [a] | ||||
| ŋ | ng- |  |
吳 (ngôo) | singer | ||||
| eng, ang, ong | ing, ang, ong | ㄥ, ㄤ,  |
櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) | song | ||||
| h | h | ㄏ | 曉 (hiáu) | hit | ||||
| ʔ | ∅ | 影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩]) | uh-oh | |||||
| t͡s | ch [d] | ts | ㄗ | 走 (tsáu) | roughly like seats [d] | |||
| t͡ɕ | ㄐ | 精 (tsing) | like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| t͡sʰ | chh [d] | tsh | ㄘ | 菜 (tshài) | tsunami (English pronunciation) | |||
| t͡ɕʰ | ㄑ | 市 (tshī) | like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| s | s | ㄙ | 三 (sam) | same | ||||
| ɕ | ㄒ | 審 (sím) | like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| d͡z | j |  |
熱 (jua̍h) | pads [f] | ||||
| z | zoo [g] | |||||||
| d͡ʑ |  |
日 (ji̍t) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f][e] | |||||
| ʑ | like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g][e] | |||||||
| Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩. | ||||||||
| Syllabic consonants | ||||||||
| m̩ | -m |  |
姆 (ḿ) | rhythm | ||||
| ŋ̍ | -ng |  |
光 (kng)[h] | song [i] | ||||
| Stop consonant finals | ||||||||
| p̚ | -p | ◌ㄅ | 合 (ha̍p) | like sip, but no audible release | ||||
| t̚ | -t | ◌ㄉ | 七 (tshit) | like sit, but no audible release | ||||
| k̚ | -k | ◌ㄍ | 角 (kak) | like sick, but no audible release | ||||
| ʔ | -h | ◌ㄏ | 桌 (toh) | uh-oh | ||||
Vowels[edit]
| Vowels | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| a | a | ㄚ | 鴨 (ah) | California: hat | ||||
| e | e |  |
家 (ke) | enPR: day | ||||
| ə | o | o/or[j] | ㄜ | 高 (kor) | about [k] | |||
| o | o | ㄛ | 高 (ko) | snow [l] | ||||
| ɔ | o͘ [m] | oo |  |
烏 (oo) | thought | |||
| ong, om, op, ok |
, ,ㄅ, ㄍ |
福 (hok) | ||||||
| i | i | ㄧ [n] | 一 (it) | see [o] | ||||
| u | u | ㄨ | 武 (bú) | shoe [p] | ||||
| Diphthongs | ||||||||
| ai̯ | ai | ㄞ | 愛 (ài) | fight [o] | ||||
| au̯ | au | ㄠ | 交 (kau) | out [p] | ||||
| i̯a | ia | ㄧㄚ | 射 (siā) | Russia | ||||
| i̯ɛ | ian, iat | ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚㄉ | 電 (tiān), 結 (kiat) | yes [q] | ||||
| iə̯ | eng, ek | ing, ik | ㄧㄥ, ㄧㄍ | 英 (ing), 色 (sik) | eon [r][k] | |||
| i̯ə | io | ior | ㄧㄜ | 腰 (ior)[k] | ||||
| i̯o | io | ㄧㄛ | 腰 (io)[l] | Leo | ||||
| i̯ɔ | iong, iok | ㄧ, ㄧㄍ |
中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) | kiosk | ||||
| i̯u | iu | ㄧㄨ | 手 (tshiú) | dew | ||||
| u̯a | oa | ua | ㄨㄚ | 化 (huà) | like quality | |||
| u̯e | oe | ue | ㄨ |
尾 (bué)[b] | quetion | |||
| u̯i | ui | ㄨㄧ | 水 (súi) | we | ||||
| Triphthongs | ||||||||
| i̯au̯ | iau | ㄧㄠ | 妖 (iau) | meow [o][p] | ||||
| u̯ai̯ | oai | uai | ㄨㄞ | 怪 (kuài) | quiet [o] | |||
| Nasal vowels | ||||||||
| ◌̃ | m◌, n◌, ng◌ | ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, ◌ |
毛 (môo), 貓 (niau), 雅 (ngá) | Nasalized vowel(s) [s] | ||||
| ã | an | ann |  |
衫 (sann) | like naive; nasalized [a] | |||
| ẽ | en | enn |  |
青 (tsenn)[b] | like next; nasalized [e] [t] | |||
| ĩ | in | inn |  [n] |
圓 (înn) | like niece; nasalized [i] | |||
| ɔ̃ | on | onn |  |
否 (hónn) | French: son; nasalized [ɔ] | |||
| ãĩ̯ | ain | ainn |  |
載 (tsáinn) | like nine; nasalized [ai̯] | |||
| ĩ̯ã | ian | iann | ㄧ |
兄 (hiann) | roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a] | |||
| ĩ̯ũ | iun | iunn | ㄧ |
羊 (iûnn)[h] | like nuance; nasalized [i̯u] [u] | |||
| ũ̯ã | oan | uann | ㄨ |
官 (kuann) | roughly like wander nasalized [u̯a] | |||
| ũ̯ĩ | uin | uinn | ㄨ |
快 (khuìnn)[h] | roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i] | |||
| ĩ̯ãũ̯ | iaun | iaunn | ㄧ |
喓 (iaunn) | like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯] | |||
| ũ̯ãĩ̯ | oain | uainn | ㄨ |
關 (kuainn)[b] | roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] [v] | |||
| Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported. | ||||||||
Tones[edit]
| Tones | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone Number |
IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | Tone number | ||
| Kaohsiung | Taipei | Lukang | ||||||
| 0 | ◌--a | 後日 （āu--ji̍t） | (varying) | |||||
| 1 | ˦˦ | a | ㄚ | 東 | 55 | 44 | 33 | |
| 2 | ˥˩ | á | ㄚˋ | 黨 | 51 | 53 | 55 | |
| 3 | ˧˩ | à | ㄚ˪ | 棟 | 31 | 21 | 31 | |
| 4 | ˧˨ʔ | a◌ | ㄚ◌ | 督 | 3ʔ | 2ʔ | 5ʔ | |
| 5 | ˨˦ | â | ㄚˊ | 同 | 24 | |||
| 6 | ˨˨ | ǎ | ㄚˋ | 動 | 22 | |||
| 7 | ˧˧ | ā | ㄚ˫ | 洞 | 33 | 31 | ||
| 8 | ˦ʔ | a̍◌ | ㄚ◌˙ | 毒 | 5ʔ | 4ʔ | 35ʔ | |
| 9 | ˧˥ | a̋ | 引擎 | 35 | ||||
| Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above. | ||||||||
Dialectal segments[edit]
Choân-chiu Dialect[edit]
| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| d͡ʑ | j | j | |
字 (jī / lī) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f] |
| l | l | ㄌ | lap | ||
| 熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h) | |||||
| d͡z | j | |
pads [f] | ||
| Vowels | |||||
| ɘ | e | er | ㄜ | 火 (hér)[w] | New Zealand: bit [x] |
| ɨ | i / u | ir |  |
豬 (tir) | roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California)[y][w] |
| ɘ̯e | oe | ere | ㄜ |
雞 (kere)[y] | |
| ɘ̯u | io | eru | ㄜㄨ | 購 (kerù)[w] | |
| ɨ̯̃ĩ | eng | irinn | |
肩 (kirinn)[z] | |
Chiang-chiu Dialect[edit]
| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| ȵ | n | gn |  |
耳 (gní)[aa] | like onion [t][ab] |
| ʑ | j | j | |
日 (ji̍t / gi̍t) | like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g] |
| g | g | |
give [g] | ||
| z | j | |
熱 (jua̍h) | zoo [g] | |
| Vowels | |||||
| ɛ | e | ee / ek / eng | ㄝ | 家 (kee) [aa] | bet [t] |
| ɛ̃ | en | eenn |  |
青 (tsheenn) [aa] | French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] [t][ab] |
| ĩ̯ɔ̃ | iun | ionn | ㄧ |
羊 (iônn) [ac] | like neon; nasalized [i̯o] [t] |
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.
- ^ a b c d In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ [l] is pronounced as [ɾ] or [d] in some sub-accents; some scholars transcribe [l] as [ᵈl] to distinguish from the minor difference with [l].
- ^ a b c In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
- ^ a b c d e [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
- ^ a b c d [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
- ^ a b c d e [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [g] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh sub-accents.
- ^ a b c In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.
- ^ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
- ^ a b c ⟨or⟩ [ə] is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
- ^ a b ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
- ^ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
- ^ a b In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
- ^ a b c d [i̯] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
- ^ a b c [u̯] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au⟩
- ^ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents. - ^ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents. - ^ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
- ^ a b c d e ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ], (enn) [ẽ], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.
- ^ [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.
- ^ a b c In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent
- ^ ⟨er⟩ [ɘ] is also transcribed as [ə] by some scholars despite of the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with
in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le. - ^ a b In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent
- ^ In Po-tiong Choân-chiu Lâm-oaⁿ accent
- ^ a b c In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ a b Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
- ^ In Taiwanese Tâi-lâm Chiang-chiu accent.
References[edit]
- "Tai-Hoa Dictionary". Peh-oe-ji Tai-gu-bun Bang-cham - Written Taiwanese Southern-Min.
- "Dictionary for Common Vocabulary in Taiwanese Hokkien". Ministry of Education (Taiwan).
- "Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization and Pronunciation Learning Network". National Taichung University of Education.
