Steny Hoyer

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Steny Hoyer
Steny Hoyer.jpg
U.S. House, Maryland, District 5
Incumbent
Tenure
May 19, 1981-Present
Term ends
January 3, 2017
Years in position 35
PartyDemocratic
PredecessorGladys Spellman (D)
Leadership
House Minority Whip
2011-Present
House Majority Leader
2007-2011
House Minority Whip
2003-2007
Report an officeholder change
Compensation
Base salary$174,000/year
Elections and appointments
Cost per vote$26.56 in 2014
First electedMay 19, 1981
Campaign $$22,783,329
Term limitsN/A
Prior offices
Maryland State Senate
1966-1979
Maryland State Board for Higher Education
1978-1981
Education
High schoolSuitland High School
Bachelor'sUniversity of Maryland, College Park
J.D.Georgetown University Law Center
Personal
Date of birthJune 14, 1939
Place of birthNew York City, NY
ProfessionAttorney
Net worth(2012) $33,501.50
ReligionBaptist
Websites
Office website
Campaign website
Steny Hoyer campaign logo
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Steny Hamilton Hoyer (b. June 14, 1939, in New York City, NY) is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing Maryland's 5th Congressional District. Hoyer was first elected to the House in a 1981 special election following the resignation of Rep. Gladys Spellman due to incapacitating illness. Hoyer is currently serving his 17th consecutive term. Hoyer won re-election to his seat in 2016.[1]

Prior to his congressional career, Hoyer served as a member of the Maryland State Senate and Maryland State Board for Higher Education.

Hoyer currently serves as the minority whip for the 114th United States Congress.

Based on analysis of multiple outside rankings, Hoyer is an average Democratic member of Congress, meaning he will vote with the Democratic Party on the majority of bills.

Biography

Hoyer was born in 1939 in New York, NY. After graduating from Suitland High School in Maryland, Hoyer went on to earn his B.A. from the University of Maryland at College Park and his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center in 1963 and 1966, respectively. Prior to his political career, Hoyer worked as an attorney.[2]

Career

Below is an abbreviated outline of Hoyer's academic, professional and political career:[2]

  • 1981-Present: U.S. Representative from Maryland's 5th Congressional District
    • 2007-2011: House Majority Leader
    • 2003-2007, 2011-Present: House Minority Whip
  • 1978-1981: Maryland State Board for Higher Education
  • 1966-1979: Maryland State Senate
    • 1975-1979: Senate President

Committee assignments

U.S. House

2011-2016

As Minority Whip, Hoyer does not serve on any committees.[3][4][5]

Key votes

114th Congress

CongressLogo.png

The first session of the 114th Congress has enacted into law six out of the 2,616 introduced bills (0.2 percent). Comparatively, the 113th Congress had 1.3 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the first session.[6] For more information pertaining to Hoyer's voting record in the 114th Congress, please see the below sections.[7]

Economic and fiscal

Trade Act of 2015
See also: The Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal, 2015

Trade adjustment assistance
Yea3.png On June 12, 2015, the House rejected the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) measure in HR 1314 - Trade Act of 2015 by a vote of 126 to 302. TAA is a federal program providing American workers displaced by foreign trade agreements with job training and services. Although the measure has generally been supported by Democrats in the past, the vote divided the party because it was packaged in a bill featuring the less popular trade promotion authority (TPA). For this reason, even though the two measures were voted on separately, some considered a vote against TAA to be a de facto vote against TPA. Hoyer was one of only 40 Democrats to vote in favor of TAA.[8][9][10]
Trade promotion authority
Nay3.png On June 12, 2015, the House narrowly passed the trade promotion authority (TPA) measure in HR 1314 - Trade Act of 2015 by a vote of 219 to 211. TPA would give the president fast-track authority to negotiate trade agreements sent to Congress without the opportunity for amendment or filibuster. Hoyer was one of 157 Democrats to vote against the measure. Although the House approved TPA, it was a largely symbolic vote given the measure was part of a package trade bill including trade adjustment assistance (TAA), which had been rejected earlier the same day.[11][12][13]
Trade promotion authority second vote
Nay3.png After the House failed to pass trade adjustment assistance (TAA) and trade promotion authority (TPA) together on June 12, 2015, it voted to authorize TPA alone as an amendment to HR 2146 - Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act on June 18, 2015. The amendment passed by a vote of 218-208, with all voting members of the House maintaining his or her original position on TPA except for Ted Yoho (R-Fla.). Hoyer was one of 158 Democrats to vote against the amendment.[14][15]
Trade adjustment assistance second vote
Yea3.png The House passed HR 1295 - Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 on June 25, 2015, by a vote of 286-138. The Senate packaged trade adjustment assistance (TAA) in this bill after the House had rejected the TAA measure in HR 1314 - Trade Act of 2015. Along with trade promotion authority (TPA), which Congress passed as part of HR 2146 - Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act, TAA became law on June 29, 2015. Hoyer was one of 175 Democrats to vote in favor of HR 1295.[16][17]

Defense spending authorization

Nay3.png On May 15, 2015, the House passed HR 1735 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 by a vote of 269-151. The bill "authorizes FY2016 appropriations and sets forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths. It does not provide budget authority, which is provided in subsequent appropriations legislation." Hoyer voted with 142 other Democrats and 8 Republicans against the bill.[18] The Senate passed the bill on June 18, 2015, by a vote of 71-25. President Barack Obama vetoed the bill on October 22, 2015.[19]

Yea3.png On November 5, 2015, the House passed S 1356 - the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 by a vote of 370-58. The second version of the $607 billion national defense bill included "$5 billion in cuts to match what was approved in the budget" and language preventing the closure of the Guantanamo Bay military prison.[20][21] Hoyer voted with 134 other Democrats and 235 Republicans to approve the bill.[22] On November 10, 2015, the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 91-3, and President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 25, 2015.[23]

2016 Budget proposal

Nay3.png On April 30, 2015, the House voted to approve SConRes11, a congressional budget proposal for fiscal year 2016, by a vote of 226-197. The non-binding resolution will be used to create 12 appropriations bills to fund the government. All 183 Democrats who voted, including Hoyer, voted against the resolution.[24][25][26]

2015 budget

Yea3.png On October 28, 2015, the House passed HR 1314 - Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 by a vote of 266-167. The bill increased military and domestic spending levels and suspended the debt ceiling until March 2017.[27] Hoyer voted with 186 Democrats and 79 Republicans in favor of the bill.[28] It passed the Senate on October 30, 2015.[29] President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 2, 2015.

Foreign Affairs

Iran nuclear deal
See also: Iran nuclear agreement, 2015

Yea3.png On May 14, 2015, the House approved HR 1191 - the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 by a vote of 400-25. The bill required President Barack Obama to submit the details of the nuclear deal with Iran for congressional review. Congress had 60 days to review the deal and vote to approve, disapprove or take no action on the deal. During the review period, sanctions on Iran could not be lifted. Hoyer voted with 176 Democrats to approve the bill.[30][31]


Approval of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Yea3.png On September 11, 2015, the House rejected HR 3461 - To approve the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, signed at Vienna on July 14, 2015, relating to the nuclear program of Iran by a vote of 162-269. The legislation proposed approving the nuclear agreement with Iran. Hoyer voted with 161 Democrats for the bill.[32][33]


Suspension of Iran sanctions relief
Nay3.png On September 11, 2015, the House approved HR 3460 - To suspend until January 21, 2017, the authority of the President to waive, suspend, reduce, provide relief from, or otherwise limit the application of sanctions pursuant to an agreement related to the nuclear program of Iran by a vote of 247-186. HR 3460 prohibits "the President, prior to January 21, 2017, from: limiting the application of specified sanctions on Iran or refraining from applying any such sanctions; or removing a foreign person (including entities) listed in Attachments 3 or 4 to Annex II of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) from the list of designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the Department of the Treasury." Hoyer voted with 185 Democrats against the bill.[34][35]


Presidential non-compliance of section 2
Nay3.png On September 10, 2015, the House passed H Res 411 - Finding that the President has not complied with section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 by a vote of 245-186. Section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 required the president to submit all materials related to the nuclear agreement for congressional review. House Republicans introduced the resolution because two agreements between the International Atomic Energy Agency and Iran were not submitted to Congress. Hoyer voted with 185 Democrats against the resolution.[36][37]

Export-Import Bank

Yea3.png On October 27, 2015, the House passed HR 597 - the Export-Import Bank Reform and Reauthorization Act of 2015 by a vote of 313-118. The bill proposes reauthorizing the Export-Import Bank and allowing it to resume offering assistance in the form of loans and insurance to foreign companies that want to buy U.S. goods.[38] Hoyer voted with 185 Democrats and 127 Republicans in favor of the bill.[39]

Domestic

USA FREEDOM Act of 2015

Yea3.png On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 2048 - the Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015 or the USA FREEDOM Act of 2015 by a vote of 338-88. The legislation revised HR 3199 - the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 by terminating the bulk collection of metadata under Sec. 215 of the act, increasing transparency of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and requiring the use of "a specific selection term as the basis for national security letters that request information from wire or electronic communication service providers, financial institutions, or consumer reporting agencies." Hoyer voted with 141 Democrats and 196 Republicans to approve the legislation. It became law on June 2, 2015.[40][41]

Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act

Nay3.png On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 36 - the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act by a vote of 242-184. The bill proposes prohibiting abortions from being performed after an unborn child is determined to be 20 weeks or older. If a woman's life is in danger or her pregnancy is the result of rape or incest which has been reported to law enforcement or an appropriate government agency at any time, an abortion may be performed. Hoyer voted with 179 Democrats against the bill. The vote largely followed party lines.[42][43]

Cyber security

Yea3.png On April 23, 2015, the House passed HR 1731 - the National Cybersecurity Protection Advancement Act of 2015 by a vote of 355-63. The bill proposes creating an information sharing program that will allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats and includes liability protections for companies.[44] Hoyer voted with 134 Democrats and 220 Republicans to approve the bill.[45]

Yea3.png On April 22, 2015, the House passed HR 1560 - the Protecting Cyber Networks Act by a vote of 307-116.[46] The bill proposes procedures that will allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats. Hoyer voted with 104 Democrats and 202 Republicans in favor of the bill.[47]

Immigration

Nay3.png On November 19, 2015, the House passed HR 4038 - the American SAFE Act of 2015 by a vote of 289-137.[48] The bill proposes instituting a stronger screening process for refugees from Iraq and Syria who apply for admission to the U.S. Hoyer voted with 134 Democrats and two Republicans against the bill.[49]

113th Congress

The second session of the 113th Congress enacted into law 224 out of the 3215 introduced bills (7 percent). Comparatively, the 112th Congress had 4.2 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session.[50] For more information pertaining to Hoyer's voting record in the 113th Congress, please see the below sections.[51]

National security

DHS Appropriations

Nay3.png Hoyer voted against HR 2217 - the DHS Appropriations Act of 2014. The bill passed the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 245 - 182 and was largely along party lines.[52]

Keystone Pipeline Amendment

Yea3.png Hoyer voted in favor of House Amendment 69, which would have amended HR 3 to "require that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, conduct a study of the vulnerabilities of the Keystone XL pipeline to a terrorist attack and certify that necessary protections have been put in place." The amendment failed on May 22, 2013, with a vote of 176 - 239 and was largely along party lines.[52]

CISPA (2013)

Yea3.png Hoyer voted in favor of HR 624 - the CISPA (2013). The bill passed the House on April 18, 2013, with a vote of 288 - 127. The bill permitted federal intelligence agencies to share cybersecurity intelligence and information with private entities and utilities.[53] The bill was largely supported by Republicans, but divided the Democratic Party.[52]

NDAA

Yea3.png Hoyer voted in support of HR 1960 - the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014. The bill passed the House on June 14, 2013, with a vote of 315 - 108. Both parties were somewhat divided on the vote.[52]

Economy

Farm bill

Yea3.png On January 29, 2014, the U.S. House approved the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013, H.R. 2642, also known as the Farm Bill.[54] The bill passed by a vote of 251-166. The nearly 1,000-page bill reformed and continued various programs of the Department of Agriculture through 2018. The $1 trillion bill expanded crop insurance for farmers by $7 billion over the next decade and created new subsidies for rice and peanut growers that would kick in when prices drop.[55][56] However, cuts to the food stamp program cut an average of $90 per month for 1.7 million people in 15 states.[56] Hoyer voted with 88 other Democratic representatives in favor of the bill.

2014 Budget

Yea3.png On January 15, 2014, the Republican-run House approved H.R. 3547, a $1.1 trillion spending bill to fund the government through September 30, 2014.[57][58] The House voted 359-67 for the 1,582 page bill, with 64 Republicans and three Democrats voting against the bill.[58] The omnibus package included 12 annual spending bills to fund federal operations.[59] It included a 1 percent increase in the paychecks of federal workers and military personnel, a $1 billion increase in Head Start funding for early childhood education, reduced funding to the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency, and the protection of the Affordable Care Act from any drastic cuts. Hoyer joined with the majority of the Democratic party and voted in favor of the bill.[57][58]

Government shutdown

See also: United States budget debate, 2013

Nay3.png On September 30, 2013, the House passed a final stopgap spending bill before the shutdown went into effect. The bill included a one-year delay of the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate and would have also stripped the bill of federal subsidies for congressional members and staff. It passed through the House with a vote of 228-201.[60] At 1 a.m. on October 1, 2013, one hour after the shutdown officially began, the House voted to move forward with going to a conference. In short order, Sen. Harry Reid rejected the call to conference.[61] Hoyer voted against the stopgap spending bill that would have delayed the individual mandate.[62]

Yea3.png The shutdown ended on October 16, 2013, when the House took a vote on HR 2775 after it was approved by the Senate. The bill to reopen the government lifted the $16.7 trillion debt limit and funded the government through January 15, 2014. Federal employees also received retroactive pay for the shutdown period. The only concession made by Senate Democrats was to require income verification for Obamacare subsidies.[63] The House passed the legislation shortly after the Senate, by a vote of 285-144, with all 144 votes against the legislation coming from Republican members. Hoyer voted for HR 2775.[64]

Immigration

Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.

Morton Memos Prohibition

Nay3.png Hoyer voted against House Amendment 136 - Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order. The amendment was adopted by the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 224 - 201. The purpose of the amendment as stated on the official text is to "prohibit the use of funds to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce the Morton Memos." These memos would have granted administrative amnesty to certain illegal aliens residing in the United States. The vote largely followed party lines.[52]

Healthcare

Healthcare Reform Rules

Nay3.png Hoyer voted against House Amendment 450 - Requires Congressional Approval for Any Rules Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The amendment was adopted by the House on August 2, 2013, with a vote of 227-185. The amendment requires all changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act be approved by Congress before taking effect. The vote was largely along party lines.[52]

Keep the IRS Off Your Healthcare Act

Nay3.png Hoyer voted against HR 2009 - Keep the IRS Off Your Healthcare Act of 2013. The bill passed through the House on August 2, 2013, with a vote of 232-185. The bill would prevent the IRS and Treasury Secretary from enforcing the powers provided to them in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The vote largely followed party lines.[52]

Social issues

Amash amendment

Nay3.png Hoyer voted against House Amendment 413 - Prohibits the National Security Agency from Collecting Records Under the Patriot Act. The amendment failed on July 4, 2013, by a vote of 205-217. The amendment would have prohibited the collection of records by the National Security Agency under the Patriot Act. Both parties were split on the vote.[52]

Previous congressional sessions

Fiscal Cliff

Yea3.png Hoyer voted for the fiscal cliff compromise bill, which made permanent most of the Bush tax cuts originally passed in 2001 and 2003 while also raising tax rates on the highest income levels. He was one of 172 Democrats who voted in favor of the bill. The bill was passed in the House by a 257 - 167 vote on January 1, 2013.[65]

Voting record

Issues

On The Issues Vote Match

Steny Hoyer's Vote Match results from On The Issues.
See also: On The Issues Vote Match

On The Issues conducts a VoteMatch analysis of elected officials based on 20 issue areas. Rather than relying on incumbents to complete the quiz themselves, the VoteMatch analysis is conducted using voting records, statements to the media, debate transcripts, or citations from books authored by or about the candidate.[66]

On The Issues organization logo

The table below contains the results of analysis compiled by staff at On The Issues.

On The Issues Vote Quiz[67]
Economic Issues Social Issues
Issue Stance Issue Stance
Legally require hiring women & minorities Strongly Favors Abortion is a woman's unrestricted right Strongly Favors
Expand Obamacare Strongly Favors Comfortable with same-sex marriage Strongly Favors
Vouchers for school choice Strongly Opposes Keep God in the public sphere Opposes
Absolute right to gun ownership Strongly Opposes No "rights" to clean air and water Strongly Opposes
Higher taxes on the wealthy Strongly Favors Stricter punishment reduces crime Opposes
Support & expand free trade Favors Pathway to citizenship for illegal aliens Strongly Favors
More enforcement of the right to vote Strongly Favors Maintain U.S. sovereignty from UN Strongly Opposes
Prioritize green energy Strongly Favors Expand the military Favors
Stimulus better than market-led recovery Strongly Favors Stay out of Iran Opposes
Privatize Social Security Strongly Opposes Never legalize marijuana Strongly Opposes
Note: Information last updated: May 20, 2015.[66] If you notice the rating has changed, email us.

Presidential preference

2016 presidential endorsement

✓ Hoyer endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democrat primary in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[68]

See also: Endorsements for Hillary Clinton


Healthcare

Support for Affordable Care Act

Hoyer said on November 19, 2013, of the Affordable Care Act launch, “It’s had a rough rollout, to say the least, that’s disappointing. But it doesn’t undermine the fact that at its basis the Affordable Care Act will provide millions and millions of people with access to affordable, quality health care.”[69]

Social issues

Kids Act

In January 2014, Hoyer attacked Eric Cantor prior to Cantor's speech at the Brookings Institute. Cantor's speech promoted school choice as a way of reducing income inequality. Hoyer said, "Talk is cheap. Performance is what pays off. The Kids Act provides for authorization, not appropriation, for pediatric research. Now, the [National Institutes of Health] spends $800 million annually on pediatric health. This bill, which they talk about and which Mr. Cantor thinks made a good statement, does make a good statement about the need for kids research [but Republicans] voted for a budget offered by [Paul] Ryan that would have the effect of cutting NIH by $6 billion, if the cuts were applied across the board. And of course politically it sounds very good because they take away from politicians and conventions. I don’t think anybody cares whether they take that money away or not, whether you have the public pay for that or the private sector pay for it." Hoyer concluded, "It’s very nice to go around the country and say you’re for education, but … you cut the Labor-Health bill by 22.6 percent in your budget. It’s very nice to say you’re for No Child Left Behind, but you didn’t fund it. So talk is cheap, performance is what counts, it’s the Reagan ‘Trust but Verify. Okay, so you say nice things. What are you doing?"[70] Cantor's spokesman Doug Heye responded, "House Republicans put talk into action by passing the Student Success Act, which included a Cantor amendment directing Title I money follow the student, and overwhelmingly approving the Gabriella Miller Kids First Act. We’re especially grateful for the 72 House Democrats who rejected both Mr. Hoyer’s cynicism and whip and voted for Gabriella Miller’s bill."[70]

Marijuana legalization

In January 2014, Hoyer responded to the possibility that the Maryland General Assembly would introduce bills to legalize marijuana in the state. "I'm not a proponent of legalization of marijuana. As I talked to people who deal with drug abuse issues, with rehabilitation issues, I became convinced that marijuana was, in fact, a threshold drug and it would lead to the use of harder, very harmful drugs," Hoyer said on C-SPAN on January 9, 2014.[71]

Elections

2016

See also: Maryland's 5th Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. In Maryland's 5th Congressional District, incumbent Steny Hoyer (D) defeated Mark Arness (R) and Jason Summers (L) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Hoyer defeated challengers Kristin Beck and Debbie Wilson in the Democratic primary, while Arness defeated Sam Faddis to win the Republican nomination. The primary elections took place on April 26, 2016.[72][73]

U.S. House, Maryland District 5 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngSteny Hoyer Incumbent 67.4% 242,989
     Republican Mark Arness 29.4% 105,931
     Libertarian Jason Summers 3.1% 11,078
     N/A Write-in 0.2% 636
Total Votes 360,634
Source: Maryland State Board of Elections

U.S. House, Maryland District 5 Democratic Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngSteny Hoyer Incumbent 75.9% 83,787
Kristin Beck 12.1% 13,320
Debbie Wilson 12% 13,304
Total Votes 110,411
Source: Maryland State Board of Elections
U.S. House, Maryland District 5 Republican Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngMark Arness 53.3% 22,613
Sam Faddis 46.7% 19,846
Total Votes 42,459
Source: Maryland State Board of Elections

Campaign themes

The following issues were listed on Hoyer's campaign website. For a full list of campaign themes, click here.

“
  • Education: Congressman Hoyer is focused on ensuring Maryland students have the education and skills they need for the jobs of today and tomorrow. That’s why he has made training and securing a twenty-first century workforce a core component of the Make It In America jobs plan, a legislative agenda he is leading in Congress to strengthen domestic manufacturing and create middle-class jobs here at home. The Make It In America plan aims to strengthen job-training initiatives so that more Americans have the skills and education needed to fill well-paying, manufacturing jobs.
  • Energy and the Environment: Congressman Hoyer believes we must take steps to address climate change, which is a threat to our environment, including the Chesapeake Bay; public health; our economy; and national security. He is focused on reducing America’s dependence on foreign oil, advancing renewable energy technologies, and improving energy efficiency to save families and businesses money, reduce carbon pollution, spur innovation, create good-paying jobs, and improve public health.
  • Equal Pay: Congressman Hoyer believes it is shameful that women earn 77 cents on the dollar compared to men in the workplace – a pay gap of 23 percent. While the gap in Maryland's Fifth District is closing, with women making around 90 cents on the dollar compared to men, Congressman Hoyer is focused on taking additional steps to ensure equal pay for equal work.
  • Federal Employees: Our nation’s federal workforce is among the best in the world, and Congressman Hoyer is proud to represent thousands of federal employees and retirees. In Congress, he has led the fight for fair pay and benefits, with a strong focus on ensuring pay parity between military and civilian personnel, as well as quality health care coverage, a solid retirement system, and fair working conditions.
  • Health Care: For Congressman Hoyer, health care reform is about giving American families and small businesses -- not insurance companies -- control over their health care. For far too long, America’s health insurance system has made health care more costly, less accessible, and less efficient for families and small businesses.

[74]

”
—Steny Hoyer's campaign website, http://www.hoyerforcongress.com/issues

2014

See also: Maryland's 5th Congressional District elections, 2014

Hoyer ran for re-election to the U.S. House in 2014. He sought the Democratic nomination in the primary election. He officially filed to run for re-election on September 6, 2013.[75] He ran unopposed for the Democratic nomination in the primary on June 24, 2014. The general election took place November 4, 2014.

U.S. House, Maryland District 5 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngSteny Hoyer Incumbent 64% 144,725
     Republican Chris Chaffee 35.7% 80,752
     Write-in Others 0.2% 563
Total Votes 226,040
Source: Maryland Secretary of State Official Results

2012

See also: Maryland's 5th Congressional District elections, 2012

Hoyer ran in the 2012 election for the U.S. House to represent Maryland's 5th District. He defeated challenger Cathy Johnson Pendleton in the Democratic primary on April 3, 2012.[76] He defeated Anthony O'Donnell in the November general election.

The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run was January 11, 2012.[77]

U.S. House, Maryland District 5 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngSteny Hoyer Incumbent 69.4% 238,618
     Republican Anthony O'Donnell 27.7% 95,271
     Libertarian Arvin Vohra 1.3% 4,503
     Green Bob Auerbach 1.5% 5,040
     N/A Other Write-ins 0.1% 388
Total Votes 343,820
Source: Maryland State Board of Elections "Representative in Congress"
U.S. House, Maryland District 5 Democratic Primary, 2012
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngSteny Hoyer Incumbent 84.7% 36,961
Cathy Johnson Pendleton 15.3% 6,688
Total Votes 43,649

Full history


Campaign donors

Fundraising events

The below chart from Find The Best tracks the fundraising events Hoyer attends.

Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.


Comprehensive donor history

Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf.
Why is that? While candidates and parties must file detailed expenditure reports, independent organizations and unions are not required to file reports in every case. Outside groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer.

Comprehensive donor information for Hoyer is available dating back to 2000. Based on available campaign finance records, Hoyer raised a total of $22,783,329 during that time period. This information was last updated on May 16, 2013.[95][96]
Steny Hoyer Campaign Contribution History
Year Office Result Contributions
2014 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $3,869,179
2012 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $4,155,102
2010 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $4,511,873
2008 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $3,677,188
2006 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $2,354,470
2004 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $1,896,026
2002 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $1,060,007
2000 U.S. House (Maryland, District 5) Won $1,259,484
Grand Total Raised $22,783,329

Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.

2016

Source: This graphic was generated using data from the FEC.

2014

Hoyer won re-election to the U.S. House in 2014. During that election cycle, Hoyer's campaign committee raised a total of $3,869,179 and spent $3,843,175.[97] This is more than the average $1.45 million spent by House winners in 2014.[98]

Cost per vote

Hoyer spent $26.56 per general election vote received in 2014.

U.S. House, Maryland District 5, 2014 - Steny Hoyer Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $3,869,179
Total Spent $3,843,175
Total Raised by Election Runner-up $26,577
Total Spent by Election Runner-up $26,577
Top contributors to Steny Hoyer's campaign committee
Votesane PAC$53,000
Cox Enterprises$29,000
Exelon Corp$28,500
Microsoft Corp$26,700
NorPAC$25,000
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Electric Utilities$225,500
Health Professionals$210,220
Insurance$208,800
Lawyers/Law Firms$182,150
Securities & Investment$181,990

Below are Hoyer’s FEC reports.[99]

2012

Hoyer won re-election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2012. During that election cycle, Hoyer's campaign committee raised a total of $4,155,103 and spent $3,838,033.[106]

Cost per vote

Hoyer spent $16.08 per vote received in 2012.


2010

Hoyer won re-election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2010. During that election cycle, Hoyer's campaign committee raised a total of $4,511,873 and spent $4,687,713.[107]


Personal Gain Index

Congressional Personal Gain Index graphic.png
See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)

The Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress) is a two-part measurement that illustrates the extent to which members of the U.S. Congress have prospered during their tenure as public servants.
It consists of two different metrics:

PGI: Change in net worth

See also: Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives (Personal Gain Index) and Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives
Net Worth Metric graphic.png

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Hoyer's net worth as of 2012 was estimated between $15,003 and $52,000. That averages to $33,501.50, which was lower than the average net worth of Democratic representatives in 2012 of $5,700,168.36. Hoyer ranked as the 395th most wealthy representative in 2012.[108] Between 2004 and 2012, Hoyer's calculated net worth[109] decreased by an average of 12 percent per year. Between 2004 and 2012, the average annual percentage increase for a member of Congress was 15.4 percent.[110]

Steny Hoyer Yearly Net Worth
YearAverage Net Worth
2004$738,376
2012$33,501.50
Growth from 2004 to 2012:-95%
Average annual growth:-12%[111]
Comparatively, the American citizen experienced a median yearly decline in net worth of -0.94%.[112]
The data used to calculate changes in net worth may include changes resulting from assets gained through marriage, inheritance, changes in family estates and/or trusts, changes in family business ownership, and many other variables unrelated to a member's behavior in Congress.

PGI: Donation Concentration Metric

See also: The Donation Concentration Metric (U.S. Congress Personal Gain Index)

Filings required by the Federal Election Commission report on the industries that give to each candidate. Using campaign filings and information calculated by OpenSecrets.org, Ballotpedia calculated the percentage of donations by industry received by each incumbent over the course of his or her career (or 1989 and later, if elected prior to 1988). Hoyer received the most donations from individuals and PACs employed by the Health Professionals industry.

From 1989-2014, 23.23 percent of Hoyer's career contributions came from the top five industries as listed below.[113]

Donation Concentration Metric graphic.png
Steny Hoyer Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $28,961,932
Total Spent $27,560,597
Top five industries that contributed to campaign committee
Health Professionals$1,628,192
Lawyers/Law Firms$1,528,427
Public Sector Unions$1,304,478
Electric Utilities$1,169,490
Real Estate$1,095,925
% total in top industry5.62%
% total in top two industries10.9%
% total in top five industries23.23%

Analysis

Ideology and leadership

See also: GovTrack's Political Spectrum & Legislative Leadership ranking

Based on an analysis of bill sponsorship by GovTrack, Hoyer was a "rank-and-file Democrat" as of August 4, 2014. This was the same rating Hoyer received in June 2013.[114]

Like-minded colleagues

The website OpenCongress tracks the voting records of each member to determine with whom he or she votes most and least often. The results include a member from each party.[115]

Hoyer most often votes with:

Hoyer least often votes with:

Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.

Lifetime voting record

See also: Lifetime voting records of United States Senators and Representatives

According to the website GovTrack, Hoyer missed 513 of 20,509 roll call votes from June 1981 to September 2015. This amounts to 2.5 percent, which is worse than the median of 2.2 percent among current representatives as of September 2015.[116]

Congressional staff salaries

See also: Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives

The website Legistorm compiles staff salary information for members of Congress. Hoyer paid his congressional staff a total of $1,113,729 in 2011. He ranked 43rd on the list of the highest paid Democratic representative staff salaries and ranked 53rd overall of the highest paid representative staff salaries in 2011. Overall, Maryland ranked 11th in average salary for representative staff. The average U.S. House of Representatives congressional staff was paid $954,912.20 in fiscal year 2011.[117]

National Journal vote ratings

See also: National Journal vote ratings

Each year National Journal publishes an analysis of how liberally or conservatively each member of Congress voted in the previous year.

2013

Hoyer ranked 98th in the liberal rankings in 2013.[118]

2012

Hoyer ranked 76th in the liberal rankings in 2012.[119]

2011

Hoyer ranked 138th in the liberal rankings in 2011.[120]

Voting with party

The website OpenCongress tracks how often members of Congress vote with the majority of the chamber caucus.

2014

Hoyer voted with the Democratic Party 94.2 percent of the time, which ranked 63rd among the 204 House Democratic members as of August 2014.[121]

2013

Hoyer voted with the Democratic Party 95.6 percent of the time, which ranked 14 among the 201 House Democratic members as of June 2013.[122]

2016 Democratic National Convention

See also: Democratic National Convention, 2016
Steny Hoyer
Democratic National Convention, 2016
Status:Superdelegate
State:Maryland
Supporting:Hillary Clinton
Delegates to the DNC 2016
Calendar and delegate rules overview • Types of delegates • State election law and delegates • Superdelegates by state
Hoyer was a superdelegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention from Maryland.[123] Hoyer was one of 24 superdelegates from Maryland. Superdelegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention were not bound by the results of their state’s primary or caucus results to support a specific presidential candidate. Hoyer supported Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination.[124]Clinton formally won the Democratic nomination for president on July 26, 2016.[125]

What is a superdelegate?

See also: Superdelegates and the 2016 Democratic National Convention

Superdelegates, in 2016, were automatic delegates to the Democratic National Convention, meaning that, unlike regular delegates, they were not elected to this position. Also unlike regular delegates, they were not required to pledge their support to any presidential candidate, and they were not bound by the results of their state's presidential primary election or caucus. In 2016, superdelegates included members of the Democratic National Committee, Democratic members of Congress, Democratic governors, and distinguished party leaders, including former presidents and vice presidents. All superdelegates were free to support any presidential candidate of their choosing at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[126]

Maryland primary results

See also: Presidential election in Maryland, 2016
Hillary Clinton won Maryland's Democratic primary, defeating Bernie Sanders by nearly 30 percent.[127] In a CNN exit poll, Clinton swept voters over age 30 while Sanders swept voters age 18 to 29. The same exit poll showed that Clinton had the support of 73 percent of black respondents and 54 percent of white respondents. Clinton also won the support of voters at all income and education levels, according to exit polls.[128]
Maryland Democratic Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
Green check mark transparent.pngHillary Clinton 62.5% 573,242 60
Bernie Sanders 33.8% 309,990 35
Roque De La Fuente 0.4% 3,582 0
Other 3.3% 29,949 0
Totals 916,763 95
Source: The New York Times and Maryland Secretary of State

Delegate allocation

See also: 2016 presidential nominations: calendar and delegate rules
Democratic Party Logo.png

Maryland had 120 delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Of this total, 96 were "pledged delegates." National party rules stipulated how Democratic delegates in all states were allocated. Pledged delegates were allocated to a candidate in proportion to the votes he or she received in a state's primary or caucus. A candidate was eligible to receive a share of the state's pledged delegates if he or she won at least 15 percent of the votes cast in the primary or caucus. There were three types of pledged Democratic delegates: congressional district delegates, at-large delegates, and party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs). Congressional district delegates were allocated proportionally based on the primary or caucus results in a given district. At-large and PLEO delegates were allocated proportionally based on statewide primary results.[129][130]

Twenty-four party leaders and elected officials served as unpledged delegates. These delegates were not required to adhere to the results of a state's primary or caucus.[129][131]

Personal

Hoyer and his wife, the late Judith Pickett Hoyer, have three children.[132]

Recent news

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See also

External links

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Political Tracker has an article on:
Steny Hoyer


Footnotes

  1. ↑ Maryland State Board of Elections, "2016 Presidential Primary Election State Candidates List," accessed February 5, 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Biographical Guide to Members of Congress, "Steny Hoyer," accessed December 1, 2011
  3. ↑ U.S. House of Representatives, Office of the Clerk, "Committee Information," accessed February 18, 2015
  4. ↑ CQ.com, "House Committee Rosters for the 113th Congress," accessed March 3, 2013
  5. ↑ U.S. House of Representatives, "Committee assignments," accessed March 31, 2014
  6. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 113th Congress," accessed April 29, 2015
  7. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress," April 13, 2015
  8. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 361," June 12, 2015
  9. ↑ The Atlantic, "A Big Win for Big Labor," June 12, 2015
  10. ↑ Roll Call, "Deadline for TAA Do-Over Vote Extended to July 30," June 15, 2015
  11. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 362," June 12, 2015
  12. ↑ The Atlantic, "A Big Win for Big Labor," June 12, 2015
  13. ↑ Roll Call, "Deadline for TAA Do-Over Vote Extended to July 30," June 15, 2015
  14. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 374," June 18, 2015
  15. ↑ Politico, "Trade turnaround: House backs new power for Obama," June 18, 2015
  16. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 388," June 24, 2015
  17. ↑ The Hill, "Obama signs trade bills," June 29, 2015
  18. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 239," accessed May 27, 2015
  19. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R. 1735," accessed May 27, 2015
  20. ↑ The Hill, "Redone defense policy bill sails through House," accessed November 12, 2015
  21. ↑ Congress.gov, "S. 1356," accessed November 12, 2015
  22. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 618," accessed November 12, 2015
  23. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to S. 1356)," accessed November 12, 2015
  24. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Con.Res.11," accessed May 5, 2015
  25. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 183," accessed May 5, 2015
  26. ↑ The Hill, "Republicans pass a budget, flexing power of majority," accessed May 5, 2015
  27. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1314 - Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015," accessed November 1, 2015
  28. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 579," accessed November 1, 2015
  29. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1314)," accessed November 1, 2015
  30. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1191 - Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015," accessed May 16, 2015
  31. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 226," accessed May 16, 2015
  32. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 3461," accessed September 11, 2015
  33. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 493," accessed September 11, 2015
  34. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 3460," accessed September 10, 2015
  35. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 494," accessed September 11, 2015
  36. ↑ Congress.gov, "H Res 411," accessed September 10, 2015
  37. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 492," accessed September 10, 2015
  38. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 597," accessed November 2, 2015
  39. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 576," accessed November 2, 2015
  40. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2048," accessed May 26, 2015
  41. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 224," accessed May 26, 2015
  42. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 36 - the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act," accessed May 16, 2015
  43. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "HR 36," accessed May 16, 2015
  44. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1731," accessed November 2, 2015
  45. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 173," accessed November 2, 2015
  46. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1560 - Protecting Cyber Networks Act," accessed November 1, 2015
  47. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 170," accessed November 1, 2015
  48. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 4038 - the American SAFE Act of 2015," accessed November 20, 2015
  49. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 643," accessed November 20, 2015
  50. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 112th Congress," accessed September 5, 2013
  51. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 113th Congress," accessed March 4, 2014
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.7 Project Vote Smart, "Steny Hoyer Key Votes," accessed October 14, 2013
  53. ↑ The Library of Congress, "Bill Summary & Status - 113th Congress (2013 - 2014) - H.R.624," accessed August 27, 2013
  54. ↑ Clerk of U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 31: H.R. 2642," accessed February 12, 2014
  55. ↑ Politico, "House clears farm bill," accessed February 12, 2014
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 NY Times, "Senate Passes Long-Stalled Farm Bill, With Clear Winners and Losers," accessed February 12, 2014
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 CNN.com, "House passes compromise $1.1 trillion budget for 2014," accessed January 20, 2014
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 21," accessed January 20, 2014
  59. ↑ Roll Call, "House passes $1.1 trillion omnibus," accessed January 20, 2014
  60. ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013
  61. ↑ Buzzfeed, "Government Shutdown: How We Got Here," accessed October 1, 2013
  62. ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013
  63. ↑ The Washington Post, "Reid, McConnell propose bipartisan Senate bill to end shutdown, extend borrowing," accessed October 16, 2013
  64. ↑ U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 550," accessed October 31, 2013
  65. ↑ U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote on the Fiscal Cliff," accessed January 4, 2013
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 On The Issues, "Steny Hoyer Vote Match," accessed May 20, 2015
  67. ↑ The questions in the quiz are broken down into two sections: social and economic. In social questions, liberals and Libertarians agree in choosing the less-government answers, while conservatives and populists agree in choosing the more restrictive answers. For the economic questions, conservatives and Libertarians agree in choosing the less-government answers, while liberals and populists agree in choosing the more restrictive answers.
  68. ↑ Baltimore Sun, "Hillary Clinton unveils more than 70 Md. endorsements," November 17, 2015
  69. ↑ Politico, "Steny Hoyer: Dems still back Obamacare," accessed November 21, 2013
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Roll Call, "Steny Hoyer to Eric Cantor: ‘Talk Is Cheap’," accessed January 7, 2014
  71. ↑ The Washington Post, "Hoyer opposes pot legalization in Maryland," accessed January 10, 2014
  72. ↑ Maryland State Board of Elections, "2016 Presidential Primary Election State Candidates List," accessed February 5, 2016
  73. ↑ The New York Times, "Maryland Primary Results," April 26, 2016
  74. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributed to the original source.
  75. ↑ Washington Post, "Rep. Hoyer files for re-election to Maryland’s 5th Congressional District," accessed September 10, 2013
  76. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named primary
  77. ↑ Maryland State Board of Elections, "2012 Primary Results," accessed 2012
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 Steny Hoyer's Official Campaign Website, "Issues," accessed 2012
  79. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
  80. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
  81. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
  82. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
  83. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
  84. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
  85. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1998," accessed March 28, 2013
  86. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 1996," accessed March 28, 2013
  87. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994," accessed March 28, 2013
  88. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1992," accessed March 28, 2013
  89. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1990," accessed March 28, 2013
  90. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1988," accessed March 28, 2013
  91. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1986," accessed March 28, 2013
  92. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 6, 1984," accessed March 28, 2013
  93. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 1982," accessed March 28, 2013
  94. ↑ Our Campaigns, "MD - District 5 - Special Election", accessed May 1, 2013
  95. ↑ Open Secrets, "Steny Hoyer," accessed May 16, 2013
  96. ↑ The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties, likely representing only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. See this page for more details.
  97. ↑ Open Secrets, "Steny Hoyer 2014 Election Cycle," accessed April 7, 2015
  98. ↑ Open Secrets, "Winning vs. Spending," accessed April 7, 2015
  99. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Steny Hoyer 2014 Summary reports," accessed October 28, 2013
  100. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Steny Hoyer April Quarterly," accessed July 25, 2013
  101. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Steny Hoyer July Quarterly," accessed July 25, 2013
  102. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "October Quarterly," accessed October 28, 2013
  103. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Year End Report," accessed February 17, 2014
  104. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "April Quarterly," accessed April 21, 2014
  105. ↑ Federal Election Commission, "July Quarterly," accessed October 15, 2014
  106. ↑ Open Secrets, "2012 Re-Election Cycle," accessed February 16, 2013
  107. ↑ Open Secrets, "Steny Hoyer 2010 Re-Election Cycle," accessed November 29, 2011
  108. ↑ OpenSecrets, "Hoyer (D-MD), 2012," accessed February 18, 2014
  109. ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth from either 2004 (if the member entered office in 2004 or earlier) or the member's first year in office (as noted in the chart below).
  110. ↑ This number was found by dividing each member's total net worth growth percentage by the number of years included in the calculation.
  111. ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth divided by the number of years for which there are net worth figures for each member.
  112. ↑ This figure was calculated using median asset data from the Census Bureau. Please see the Congressional Net Worth data for Ballotpedia spreadsheet for more information on this calculation.
  113. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Rep. Steny H. Hoyer," accessed September 24, 2014
  114. ↑ Gov Track, "Hoyer," accessed August 4, 2014
  115. ↑ OpenCongress, "Steny Hoyer," accessed October 19, 2015
  116. ↑ GovTrack, "Steny Hoyer," accessed October 19, 2015
  117. ↑ LegiStorm, "Steny Hoyer," accessed 2012
  118. ↑ National Journal, "2013 Congressional Vote Ratings," accessed August 4, 2014
  119. ↑ National Journal, "TABLE: House Liberal Scores by Issue Area," February 26, 2013
  120. ↑ National Journal, "Searchable Vote Ratings Tables: House," accessed February 23, 2012
  121. ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
  122. ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
  123. ↑ Ballotpedia's list of superdelegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention is based on our own research and lists provided by the Democratic National Committee to Vox.com in February 2016 and May 2016. If you think we made an error in identifying superdelegates, please send an email to [email protected].
  124. ↑ Five Thirty Eight, “The Endorsement Primary,” June 7, 2016
  125. ↑ To find out which candidate a superdelegate supported, Ballotpedia sought out public statements from the superdelegate in other media outlets and on social media. If we were unable to find a public statement that clearly articulated which candidate the superdelegate supported at the national convention, we listed that superdelegate as "unknown." If you believe we made an error in identifying which candidate a superdelegate supported, please email us at [email protected].
  126. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "The Presidential Nominating Process and the National Party Conventions, 2016: Frequently Asked Questions," December 30, 2015
  127. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT
  128. ↑ CNN, "Maryland Exit Polls," April 26, 2016
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Democratic National Committee, "2016 Democratic National Convention Delegate/Alternate Allocation," updated February 19, 2016
  130. ↑ CNN.com, "Democratic National Convention Roll Call," accessed July 26, 2016
  131. ↑ Democratic National Committee's Office of Party Affairs and Delegate Selection, "Unpledged Delegates -- By State," May 27, 2016
  132. ↑ Official House Site, "Biography," accessed November 30, 2011 (dead link)
Political offices
Preceded by
Gladys Spellman 		U.S. House of Representatives - Maryland District 5
1981–present 		Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
' 		Maryland State Board for Higher Education
1978–1981 		Succeeded by
'
Preceded by
' 		Maryland State Senate
1966–1979 		Succeeded by
'
v • e
Maryland's current delegation to the United States Congress
SenatorsCongressLogo.png
Representatives
Andy Harris (R) • Chris Van Hollen (D) • Donna Edwards (D) • Dutch Ruppersberger (D) • Elijah Cummings (D) • John Sarbanes (D) • John Delaney (D) • Steny Hoyer (D)
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