California State Senate

The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. It is made up of 40 state senators and meets in Sacramento. Members of the Democratic Party currently make up the majority of the California Senate.

As of the 2010 Census, each California senator represented a district with an average population of 931,349 residents.^[1] After the 2000 Census, each member represented 846,791 residents.^[2] Members serve four-year terms.^[3] The terms of the senators are staggered so that half the membership is elected every two years. The senators representing odd-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four. The senators from even-numbered districts are elected in the intervening even-numbered years.

Since the passage of Prop 28 in 2012, legislators first elected on or after November 6, 2012, are limited to a maximum of 12 years. Prop 140, passed in 1990, affects any members elected prior to November 6, 2012, and limits them to a maximum of two four-year terms (eight years total).

The California Senate has a $100 million annual operating budget and 900 staff employees. Most senators are paid an annual salary of $116,208.^[4]

Prior to the November 2016 general election, California was one of seven Democratic state government trifectas. A state government trifecta is a term used to describe "single party government," when one political party holds the governorship, a majority in the state senate, and a majority in the state house in a state's government. As a result of the 2016 election, California became one of six Democratic state government trifectas.

Altogether, the 2016 election saw the Democratic Party lose one trifecta while the Republican Party picked up a net gain of two trifectas. The 2017 state legislative sessions began with six Democratic trifectas, 25 Republican trifectas, and 19 states under divided government.^[5] Read more about trifectas here.

See also: California State Legislature, California State Assembly, California Governor

Sessions

Article IV of the California Constitution establishes when the California State Legislature—of which the Senate is a part—is to be in session. Section 3 of Article IV states that the legislature is to meet in regular session on the first Monday of December in each even-numbered year to organize. The legislature adjourns by November 30 of the following even-numbered year.

Section 3 also gives the governor of California the power to call special sessions of the legislature.

2017

See also: Dates of 2017 state legislative sessions

In 2017, the Legislature will be in session from December 5, 2016, through September 15, 2017 (projected).

2016

See also: Dates of 2016 state legislative sessions

In 2016, the Legislature was in session from January 4 through August 31. The formal session ended on August 31, but constitutionally the session adjourned sine die on November 30.

2015

See also: Dates of 2015 state legislative sessions

In 2015, the legislature was in session from December 1, 2014, through September 12, 2015.

Major issues

Major issues during the 2015 legislative session included medical marijuana, tuition in the University of California system, a proposed tax increase, internet privacy, regulation of web-based businesses, and healthcare for illegal immigrants.^[6]

2014

See also: Dates of 2014 state legislative sessions

In 2014, the legislature was in session from January 6 to August 30.

Major issues

Major issues during the 2014 legislative session included the biennial budget, prison overcrowding, and water bonds.^[7]

2013

See also: Dates of 2013 state legislative sessions

In 2013, the legislature was in session from December 3, 2012, to September 13, 2013.

Major issues

Major issues in the 2013 legislative session included property taxes for education and tax breaks for students.^[8]

2012

See also: Dates of 2012 state legislative sessions

In 2012, the Senate was in session from January 4 to August 31.

2011

See also: Dates of 2011 state legislative sessions

In 2011, the Senate was in session from January 3 through September 9, 2011. The California Legislature was convened in an extraordinary session to act upon legislation that addressed the fiscal emergency proclaimed by Governor Jerry Brown on January 20, 2011.^[9]

2010

See also: Dates of 2010 state legislative sessions

In 2010, the legislature began its regular session on January 12 and was scheduled to adjourn on August 31. Additionally, the legislature adjourned one special session on January 11, 2010, had one ongoing special session that convened in October of 2009, and had another ongoing special session that convened on January 8, 2010.^[10]

On July 28, 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger issued a declaration of fiscal emergency as allowed under California's constitution as approved in 2004 under Proposition 58.^[11][12] Upon issuance of a declaration of fiscal emergency, the legislature immediately reconvened and was not able to adjourn until after the fiscal situation was resolved.

Role in state budget

See also: California state budget and finances

California on

Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:

Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:^[13][14]

1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies beginning in April.
2. Agencies submit their budget requests to the governor in September.
3. Agency hearings are held from September through November.
4. Public hearings are held from March through June.
5. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in January.
6. The legislature adopts a budget in June. A two-thirds majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.

California is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.^[14]

The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget to the legislature. In turn, the legislature is legally required to adopt a balanced budget.^[14]

Cost-benefit analyses

See also: Pew-MacArthur Results First Initiative Cost-Benefit Study

The Pew-MacArthur Results First Initiative released a report in July 2013 indicating that cost-benefit analysis in policymaking led to more effective uses of public funds. Looking at data from 2008 through 2011, the study's authors found that some states were more likely to use cost-benefit analysis, while others were facing challenges and lagging behind the rest of the nation. The challenges states faced included a lack of time, money, and technical skills needed to conduct comprehensive cost-benefit analyses. California was one of 29 states with mixed results regarding the frequency and effectiveness of its use of cost-benefit analysis.^[15]

Ethics and transparency

Following the Money report

See also: "Following the Money" report, 2015

The U.S. Public Interest Research Group, a consumer-focused nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., released its annual report on state transparency websites in March 2015. The report, entitled "Following the Money," measured how transparent and accountable state websites are with regard to state government spending.^[16] According to the report, California received a grade of F and a numerical score of 34, indicating that California was "Failing" in terms of transparency regarding state spending.^[16]

Open States Transparency

See also: Open States' Legislative Data Report Card

The Sunlight Foundation released an "Open Legislative Data Report Card" in March 2013. California was given a grade of D in the report. The report card evaluated how adequate, complete, and accessible legislative data was to the general public. A total of 10 states received an A: Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Kansas, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Washington.^[17]

Elections

2018

See also: California State Senate elections, 2018

Elections for the office of California State Senate will take place in 2018. The general election will be held on November 6, 2018.

2016

See also: California State Senate elections, 2016

Elections for the California State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on June 7, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was February 25, 2016, for candidates filing with signatures. The deadline for candidates using a filing fee to qualify was March 11, 2016.^[18]

A total of 20 seats out of the 40 seats in the California State Senate were up for election in 2016. Democrats gained one seat in the November 2016 general election.

2014

See also: California State Senate elections, 2014

Elections for the California State Senate took place in 2014. A primary election took place on June 3, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 7, 2014.

2012

See also: California State Senate elections, 2012

Elections for the California State Senate were held in California on November 6, 2012. State Senate seats in the odd-numbered districts were on the ballot in 2012. A total of 20 seats were up for election. In 2010, senators from even-numbered districts were up for election. In 2012, voters in the 20 odd-numbered districts went to the polls to elect senators. The signature filing deadline was March 9.

Redistricting in California in 2011 was undertaken by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission for the first time. There was the possibility that some voters would be relocated either from an odd district to an even district or vice versa. But even more specifically, there was the possibility that a senator elected in 2010 could have run in 2012 in an even-numbered district. If that were to have happened, then the odd district would have been represented by a "custodian" selected by the Rules Committee.

Additionally, if a senator in an odd district (elected in 2008) were to be moved into an even district, then the voters of that district would have two senators: the new senator and the old one elected in 2010.

California state senators are subject to term limits and may serve no more than two four-year terms. In 2012, 9 state senators were termed out.

This chamber was mentioned in a November 2012 Pew Center on the States article that addressed supermajorities at stake in the 2012 election. The term supermajority generally means a party controls two-thirds of all seats. While the implications may vary from state to state, being in this position gives a party much greater power. Democrats had been the majority party in California for over 40 years. Going into the election, they were two seats shy of a supermajority. Expanded powers of a supermajority in California include the ability to control appointments and raise taxes.^[19]

The following table details the 10 districts with the smallest margin of victory in the November 6 general election.

2012 Margin of Victory, California State Senate
District	Winner	Margin of Victory	Total Votes	Top Opponent
District 5	Cathleen Galgiani	1%	281,927	Bill Berryhill
District 27	Fran Pavley	7.1%	369,195	Todd Zink
District 29	Robert "Bob" Huff	10.2%	292,140	Greg Diamond
District 31	Richard Roth	10.6%	242,202	Jeff Miller
District 19	Hannah-Beth Jackson	11.4%	324,599	Mike Stoker
District 23	Bill Emmerson	12.6%	282,563	Melissa Ruth O'Donnell
District	James Beall Jr.	13.5%	282,796	Joe Coto
District 37	Mimi Walters	14%	373,681	Steve Young
District 21	Stephen Knight	15.3%	266,192	Star Moffatt
District 39	Marty Block	16.8%	378,317	George Plescia

2010

See also: California State Senate elections, 2010

Elections for the California State Senate were held on November 2, 2010. State Senate seats in the even-numbered districts were on the ballot in 2010. There was also a special election for District 37 on June 8, 2010.

The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in these elections was February 25, 2010, and the primary election was held on June 8, 2010.

In 2010, the candidates running for Senate raised a total of $23,000,670 in campaign funds. Their top 10 contributors were:^[20]

2010 Donors, California State Senate
Donor	Amount
California Democratic Party	$2,591,242
California Republican Party	$1,249,852
AT$T	$240,088
Carol Liu for Senate	$227,997
California Association of Realtors	$195,600
Merced County Democratic Central Cmte	$190,000
Republican Party of Stanislaus County	$174,000
California Dental Association	$171,200
California State Council of Laborers	$166,835
California Professional Fire Fighters	$158,898

2008

See also: California State Senate elections, 2008

Elections for the California State Senate consisted of a primary election on June 3, 2008, and a general election on November 4, 2008.

During the 2008 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $45,351,422. The top 10 contributors were:^[21]

2008 Donors, California State Senate
Donor	Amount
California Democratic Party	$2,771,083
California Republican Party	$2,728,227
Merced County Democratic Central Cmte	$290,000
Santa Barbara County Democratic Party	$276,826
Santa Clara County Democratic Central Cmte	$260,000
At&T	$248,481
California Medical Association	$224,400
California Association of Realtors	$223,805
California State Council of Service Employees	$201,600
California Professional Fire Fighters	$197,842

2006

See also: California State Senate elections, 2006

Elections for the California State Senate consisted of a primary election on June 6, 2006, and a general election on November 7, 2006.

During the 2006 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $36,599,292. The top 10 contributors were:^[22]

2006 Donors, California State Assembly
Donor	Amount
California Democratic Party	$2,337,829
California Republican Party	$1,552,660
Republican Central Cmte of Orange County	$627,900
Dutra, John A	$523,808
Monterey County Republican Party	$479,000
At&T	$362,421
California Medical Association	$274,150
California Association of Realtors	$186,100
California State Council of Service Employees	$164,800
California Building Industry Association	$161,055

2004

See also: California State Senate elections, 2004

Elections for the California State Senate consisted of a primary election on March 2, 2004, and a general election on November 2, 2004.

During the 2004 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $39,487,973. The top 10 contributors were:^[23]

2004 Donors, California State Assembly
Donor	Amount
California Democratic Party	$5,730,671
California Republican Party	$3,001,653
Sacramento County Republican Party	$407,600
Republican Central Cmte of Orange County	$331,900
San Joaquin County Republican Central Cmte	$245,000
California Medical Association	$221,600
Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians	$203,050
California Dental Association	$162,511
California Association of Realtors	$160,597
At&T	$147,260

2002

See also: California State Senate elections, 2002

Elections for the California State Senate consisted of a primary election on March 5, 2002, and a general election on November 5, 2002.

During the 2002 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $34,311,200. The top 10 contributors were:^[24]

2002 Donors, California State Senate
Donor	Amount
California Democratic Party	$3,547,899
California Republican Party	$1,831,050
Brulte, Friends of Jim	$1,161,242
Jackie Speier State Senate 2002	$589,191
Friends of Joe Dunn	$444,911
Poochigian Senate Cmte	$426,883
21St Century Insurance	$327,250
California Teachers Association	$312,336
California Medical Association	$305,650
California State Council of Laborers	$274,500

2000

See also: California State Senate elections, 2000

Elections for the California State Senate consisted of a primary election on March 7, 2000, and a general election on November 7, 2000.

During the 2000 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $49,599,033. The top 10 contributors were:^[25]

2000 Donors, California State Senate
Donor	Amount
Senate Majority Fund	$3,382,189
California Democratic Party	$2,883,992
Senate Democratic Leadership Fund	$2,648,280
Friends of Jim Brulte	$1,387,153
California Republican Party	$1,363,417
California Senate Republican Leadership Fund	$1,039,850
California Correctional Peace Officers Association	$642,500
California Teachers Association	$493,750
Native Americans & Peace Officers	$475,000
Working Families for Deborah Ortiz	$472,000

Qualifications

According to Article IV of the California Constitution, a candidate for the Senate must be:

• a citizen of the U.S.;
• a state resident for at least three years;
• a resident of his or her legislative district for at least one year; and
• a registered voter in that district by the time nomination papers are filed.^[26]

Vacancies

See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

If there is a vacancy in the Senate, the governor must call for a special election. The election must be called by the governor within 14 days of the vacancy being created. No special election can be held if the vacancy happened in an election year and the nominating deadline passed.^[27]

Redistricting

See also: Redistricting in California

The California Citizens Redistricting Commission—made up of five Democrats, five Republicans, and four independents—is responsible for redistricting.

2010 Census

California received its local census data on March 7, 2011.^[28] The fastest-growing counties were Riverside (41.7 percent), Placer (40.3 percent), and Kern (26.9 percent)—all inland locations.^[29]

The California Citizens Redistricting Commission approved maps on August 15, 2011. The final votes were 13-1 on the Senate and Assembly maps and 12-2 on the congressional map. Republican Michael Ward voted no to both maps, while Jodie Filkins Webber joined Ward in dissenting on the congressional map. A referendum to overturn the Senate map was initiated in August 2011.^[30][31]

Senators

Partisan composition

See also: Partisan composition of state senates

Party		As of February 2017
	Democratic Party	27
	Republican Party	13
	Vacancies	0
Total		40

The chart below shows the partisan composition of the California State Senate from 1992 to 2013. The Democratic Party has held majority control since 1992.

Leadership

The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate but only casts a vote in the case of a tie. The president pro tempore, who is elected by full senate caucus, more often than not presides over the daily Senate session and serves as the leader of the majority party.

Current leadership

• Majority Whip: Vacant
• Minority Whip: Vacant
• Assistant Minority Whip: Patricia C. Bates (R)
• Majority Caucus Chair: Connie M. Leyva (D)
• Majority Caucus Vice Chair: Mike McGuire (D)
• Minority Caucus Chair: Tom Berryhill (R)

Salaries

See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries

State legislators
Salary	Per diem
$104,115/year	$176/day for each day in session.

Senatorial pay is set by the California Citizens Compensation Commission. In 2009, it voted to cut legislators' salaries by 18 percent, effective in December 2010.^[4] In June 2009, Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg recommended that senators and staffers take a 5 percent pay cut in the face of the state's budget troubles.^[4]

Pension

California does not provide pensions for legislators who took office after 1990.^[32]

When sworn in

See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

California legislators assume office one month after their election (December).

Current members

Current members, California State Senate
District	Senator	Party	Assumed office
1	Ted Gaines	Republican	2011
2	Mike McGuire	Democratic	2014
3	Bill Dodd	Democratic	2016
4	Jim Nielsen	Republican	2013
5	Cathleen Galgiani	Democratic	2012
6	Richard Pan	Democratic	2014
7	Steve Glazer	Democratic	2015
8	Tom Berryhill	Republican	2010
9	Nancy Skinner	Democratic	2016
10	Bob Wieckowski	Democratic	2014
11	Scott Wiener	Democratic	2016
12	Anthony Cannella	Republican	2010
13	Gerald Hill	Democratic	2012
14	Andy Vidak	Republican	2013
15	James Beall Jr.	Democratic	2012
16	Jean Fuller	Republican	2010
17	Bill Monning	Democratic	2012
18	Robert Hertzberg	Democratic	2014
19	Hannah-Beth Jackson	Democratic	2012
20	Connie M. Leyva	Democratic	2014
21	Scott Wilk	Republican	2016
22	Edward Hernandez	Democratic	2010
23	Mike Morrell	Republican	2014
24	Kevin de León	Democratic	2010
25	Anthony Portantino, Jr.	Democratic	2016
26	Ben Allen	Democratic	2014
27	Henry Stern	Democratic	2016
28	Jeff Stone	Republican	2014
29	Josh Newman	Democratic	2016
30	Holly Mitchell	Democratic	2013
31	Richard Roth	Democratic	2012
32	Tony Mendoza	Democratic	2014
33	Ricardo Lara	Democratic	2012
34	Janet Nguyen	Republican	2014
35	Steven Bradford	Democratic	2016
36	Patricia C. Bates	Republican	2014
37	John Moorlach	Republican	2015
38	Joel Anderson	Republican	2010
39	Toni Atkins	Democratic	2016
40	Ben Hueso	Democratic	2013

Senate committees

The California Senate has 22 standing committees:

• Agriculture
• Appropriations
• Banking and Financial Institutions
• Budget and Fiscal Review
• Business, Professions and Economic Development
• Education
• Elections and Constitutional Amendments
• Energy, Utilities and Communications
• Environmental Quality
• Governance and Finance
• Governmental Organization
• Health
• Human Services
• Insurance
• Judiciary
• Labor and Industrial Relations
• Natural Resources and Water
• Public Employment and Retirement
• Public Safety
• Rules
• Transportation and Housing
• Veterans Affairs

History

Partisan balance 1992-2013

See also: Who Runs the States and Who Runs the States, California

From 1992 to 2013, the Democratic Party was the majority in the California State Senate for all 22 years. The California State Senate is one of 16 state senates that was Democratic for more than 80 percent of the years between 1992 and 2013. During the final three years of the study, California was under Democratic trifectas.

Across the country, there were 541 Democratic and 517 Republican state senates from 1992 to 2013.

Over the course of the 22-year study, state governments became increasingly more partisan. At the outset of the study period (1992), 18 of the 49 states with partisan legislatures had single-party trifectas and 31 states had divided governments. In 2013, only 13 states had divided governments, while single-party trifectas held sway in 36 states—the most in the 22 years studied.

The chart below shows the partisan composition of the California governorship, the California State Senate, and the California State Assembly from 1992 to 2013.

SQLI and partisanship

To read the full report on the State Quality of Life Index (SQLI) in PDF form, click here.

The chart below depicts the partisanship of the California state government and the state's SQLI ranking for the years studied. For the SQLI, the states were ranked from 1 to 50, with 1 being the best and 50 the worst. California has never had a Republican trifecta, but it did have Democratic trifectas between the years 1999 and 2003 and again after 2010 to the present. California fell steadily in the SQLI ranking until finally reaching the bottom 10 in 2010. The state reached its highest ranking (28th) in 1998 and 1999, first under divided government and then under a Democratic trifecta. The state’s lowest ranking (48th) occurred recently in 2012 under a Democratic trifecta. Except for the years 1995 and 1996, the California Legislature has been consistently under Democratic control.

• SQLI average with Democratic trifecta: 37.00
• SQLI average with Republican trifecta: N/A
• SQLI average with divided government: 35.21

See also

• California
• California State Assembly
• Governor of California
• California State Legislature
• California Constitution

External links

• California State Senate
• California Senate Democratic Caucus Official Website
• California State Senate Republican Caucus Official Website

Footnotes

v • e Current members of the California Senate Senate President: Gavin Newsom (D) • Majority Leader: Bill Monning (D) • Minority Leader: Jean Fuller (R)     Ted Gaines (R) Mike McGuire (D) Bill Dodd (D) Jim Nielsen (R) Cathleen Galgiani (D) Richard Pan (D) Steve Glazer (D) Tom Berryhill (R) Nancy Skinner (D) Bob Wieckowski (D) Scott Wiener (D) Anthony Cannella (R) Gerald Hill (D) Andy Vidak (R) James Beall Jr. (D) Jean Fuller (R) Bill Monning (D) Robert Hertzberg (D) Hannah-Beth Jackson (D) Connie M. Leyva (D) Scott Wilk (R) Edward Hernandez (D) Mike Morrell (R) Kevin de León (D) Anthony Portantino, Jr. (D) Ben Allen (D) Henry Stern (D) Jeff Stone (R) Josh Newman (D) Holly Mitchell (D) Richard Roth (D) Tony Mendoza (D) Ricardo Lara (D) Janet Nguyen (R) Steven Bradford (D) Patricia C. Bates (R) John Moorlach (R) Joel Anderson (R) Toni Atkins (D) Ben Hueso (D) Democratic (27) • Republican (13) • Vacancies (0)

v • e State legislatures Legislatures Alabama (H, S) · Alaska (H, S) · Arizona (H, S) · Arkansas (H, S) · California (A, S) · Colorado (H, S) · Connecticut (H, S) · Delaware (H, S) · Florida (H, S) · Georgia (H, S) · Hawaii (H, S) · Idaho (H, S) · Illinois (H, S) · Indiana (H, S) · Iowa (H, S) · Kansas (H, S) · Kentucky (H, S) · Louisiana (H, S) · Maine (H, S) · Maryland (H, S) · Massachusetts (H, S) · Michigan (H, S) · Minnesota (H, S) · Mississippi (H, S) · Missouri (H, S) · Montana (H, S) · Nebraska · Nevada (A, S) · New Hampshire (H, S) · New Jersey (GA, S) · New Mexico (H, S) · New York (A, S) · North Carolina (H, S) · North Dakota (H, S) · Ohio (H, S) · Oklahoma (H, S) · Oregon (H, S) · Pennsylvania (H, S) · Rhode Island (H, S) · South Carolina (H, S) · South Dakota (H, S) · Tennessee (H, S) · Texas (H, S) · Utah (H, S) · Vermont (H, S) · Virginia (H, S) · Washington (H, S) · West Virginia (H, S) · Wisconsin (A, S) · Wyoming (H, S) 2016 State legislative elections (2016) • State legislative special elections (2016) • Primary dates and filing requirements • 2016 Session Dates Historical elections 2015 • 2014 • 2013 • 2012 • 2011 • 2010 • 2009 • 2008 • 2007 • 2006 • 2005 • 2004 • 2003 • 2002 • 2001 • 2000 Features of state legislatures How vacancies are filled in state legislatures • States with a full-time legislature • State legislatures with term limits • Comparison of state legislative salaries • When state legislators assume office after a general election • Population represented by state legislators • State constitutional articles governing state legislatures • State legislative sessions • Resign-to-run law • State Legislative Tracker • Official names of state legislatures • State legislative chambers that use multi-member districts • Factors Affecting Competitiveness in State Legislative Elections State senates Length of terms of state senators • State senators • Partisan composition of state senates • State senators sorted by year first elected to senate • State senate elections State houses Length of terms of state representatives • State representatives • Partisan composition of state houses • State representatives sorted by year first elected • State house elections Leadership positions President of the Senate • President Pro Tempore • Senate Majority Leader • Senate Minority Leader • House Majority Leader • House Minority Leader • State Speaker of the House

Curated by the Ballotpedia State Desk: Jackie Beran • Ryan Byrne • Jessica Dravecky • Cindy Kehler • Tyler King Project Director: Josh Altic • Project Director: Charles Aull Desk Editor: Joel Williams Contact the desk

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