ExoMars 2016 Schiaparelli Descent Sequence | ESA
Europe's First Mars Lander Arriving at Surface: October 19, 2016
Overview of Schiaparelli’s entry, descent and landing sequence on Mars, with approximate time, altitude and speed of key events indicated. Watch video: https://youtu.be/s3WCtJt46qU

Schiaparelli is scheduled to separate from TGO on October 16, 2016, three days before arriving at Mars. Twelve hours after separation, the TGO will perform a course correction to avoid entering the atmosphere, and will continue into Mars orbit. Then, on October 19, Schiaparelli will enter the atmosphere at an altitude of about 121 km and a speed of nearly 21,000 km/h. In the three to four minutes that follow, it will be slowed by the increasing atmospheric drag, with the front shield of the aeroshell bearing the brunt of the heating. This will slowly melt and vaporize, allowing the absorbed heat to be carried away from the rest of the spacecraft. Once the speed has decreased to around 1700 km/h Schiaparelli will be 11 km above the surface and a parachute will be deployed. The parachute canopy will unfurl in less than a second, and, 40 seconds later, allowing for oscillations to die down, the front shield of the aeroshell will be jettisoned. The parachute will slow Schiaparelli to around 250 km/h, and then the back half of the aeroshell, with the parachute attached to it, will also be jettisoned. It will be drawn rapidly away from Schiaparelli, which will now be completely free of the aeroshell that had kept it safe en route to Mars. Schiaparelli will then activate its three hydrazine thrusters to control its speed. Radar will continuously measure the height above the surface. At an altitude of around 2 m, Schiaparelli will briefly hover before cutting its thrusters, leaving it to free fall. The touchdown speed will be a few meters per second, with the impact absorbed by a crushable structure similar to the crumple zone in a car, on the underside of the lander, preventing damage to the rest of the module. The entire entry, descent and landing sequence will be complete in less than six minutes.

More about ExoMars: www.esa.int/exomars

Credit & Copyright: European Space Agency (ESA)/ATG medialab
Release Date: February 24, 2016

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+CNES 

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Earth from Space: Shanghai, China

In this natural color image you can see the city of Shanghai, China, imaged by ESA's Sentinel-2A satellite on December 16th, 2015. The Sentinel-2A satellite was launched in June 2015 and soon after the satellite’s multispectral imager started taking pictures like this.

Located at the Yangtze River Delta (https://goo.gl/4koJOZ) Shanghai (https://goo.gl/zrIVb) is the most populous city in China, having a population of over 24 million people. Joining the Yangtze after crossing the city is the Huangpu River (https://goo.gl/I57NQA).

More information about the image here:
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/10/Shanghai

Or watch this video presented by Kelsea Brennan-Wessels from the ESA Web-TV virtual studios, explaining the image:
https://youtu.be/BT2KIXWVqYM

The area on Google maps:
https://goo.gl/bdNBhW

More on the Copernicus programme aimed at observing the Earth:
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus_Programme

More on the Sentinel-2A satellite:
https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/sentinel-2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-2

Image credit: Shanghai, China Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2015), processed by ESA https://goo.gl/yVvVJG

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Hubble Explores the Hidden Dark Side of NGC 24
 
This shining disk of a spiral galaxy sits approximately 25 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Sculptor. Named NGC 24, the galaxy was discovered by British astronomer William Herschel in 1785, and measures some 40,000 light-years across.
 This picture was taken using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys, known as ACS for short. It shows NGC 24 in detail, highlighting the blue bursts (young stars), dark lanes (cosmic dust), and red bubbles (hydrogen gas) of material peppered throughout the galaxy’s spiral arms. Numerous distant galaxies can also been seen hovering around NGC 24’s perimeter. However, there may be more to this picture than first meets the eye. Astronomers suspect that spiral galaxies like NGC 24 and the Milky Way are surrounded by, and contained within, extended haloes of dark matter. Dark matter is a mysterious substance that cannot be seen; instead, it reveals itself via its gravitational interactions with surrounding material. Its existence was originally proposed to explain why the outer parts of galaxies, including our own, rotate unexpectedly fast, but it is thought to also play an essential role in a galaxy’s formation and evolution. Most of NGC 24’s mass — a whopping 80 percent — is thought to be held within such a dark halo.  Image Credit: NASA/ESA
Text Credit: European Space Agency
 
#spaceexploration #nasa #esa

Saturn: In Daylight on the Night Side | NASA Cassini Mission | JPL
Oct. 10, 2016: NASA's Cassini spacecraft looks down at the rings of Saturn from above the planet's nightside. The darkened globe of Saturn is seen here at lower right, along with the shadow it casts across the rings.

The image shows that even on the planet's night side, the rings remain in sunlight, apart from the portion that lies within Saturn's shadow. The rings also reflect sunlight back onto the night side of the planet, making it appear brighter than it would otherwise appear.

Saturn's small moon Prometheus (53 miles or 86 kilometers across) is faintly visible as a speck near upper left. The shadow of Saturn was once long enough to stretch to the orbit of Prometheus. But as northern summer solstice approaches, Saturn's shadow no longer reaches that far. So Prometheus will not move into the darkness of the planet's shadow until the march of the seasons again causes the shadow to lengthen.

This view looks toward the sunlit side of the rings from about 41 degrees above the ring plane. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Aug. 14, 2016.

The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 870,000 miles (1.4 million kilometers) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 87 degrees. Image scale is 53 miles (86 kilometers) per pixel. Prometheus has been brightened by a factor of two to enhance its visibility.

The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov and www.nasa.gov/cassini. The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
Image Date: August 14, 2016
Release Date: October 10, 2016

+NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 
+NASA Solar System Exploration 
+European Space Agency, ESA 
+Carolyn Porco Fan Page 

#NASA #Astronomy #Space #Science #Saturn #Rings #Planet
#Moon #Prometheus #Cassini #Orbiter #Spacecraft #Robotic #JPL #Caltech #ASI #ESA #STEM #Education 

The James Webb Space Telescope Close-up | NASA Goddard
During the week of October 3rd, the James Webb Space Telescope was moved to a rotating stand close to the NASA Goddard cleanroom observation window in preparation for center of curvature testing. Laser interferometry will be used to measure the alignment of the mirrors both before and after environmental testing. Stay tuned for more detailed information on these upcoming tests.

Credit: NASA/Maggie Masetti
Image Date: October 3, 2016

+James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) 
+European Space Agency, ESA 
+Canadian Space Agency 
+NASA Goddard 
+Space Telescope Science Institute 

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The Center of Spiral Galaxy NGC 247 | Hubble Space Telescope
This Hubble image shows the central region of a spiral galaxy known as NGC 247. NGC 247 is a relatively small spiral galaxy in the southern constellation of Cetus (The Whale). Lying at a distance of around 11 million light-years from us, it forms part of the Sculptor Group, a loose collection of galaxies that also contains the more famous NGC 253 (otherwise known as the Sculptor Galaxy).

NGC 247’s nucleus is visible here as a bright, whitish patch, surrounded by a mixture of stars, gas and dust. The dust forms dark patches and filaments that are silhouetted against the background of stars, while the gas has formed into bright knots known as H II regions, mostly scattered throughout the galaxy’s arms and outer areas.

This galaxy displays one particularly unusual and mysterious feature —it is not visible in this image, but can be seen clearly in wider views of the galaxy, such as this picture from ESO’s MPG/ESO 2.2-meter telescope. The northern part of NGC 247’s disc hosts an apparent void, a gap in the usual swarm of stars and H II regions that spans almost a third of the galaxy’s total length.

There are stars within this void, but they are quite different from those around it. They are significantly older, and as a result much fainter and redder. This indicates that the star formation taking place across most of the galaxy’s disc has somehow been arrested in the void region, and has not taken place for around one billion years. Although astronomers are still unsure how the void formed, recent studies suggest it might have been caused by gravitational interactions with part of another galaxy.

Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA
Release Date: October 3, 2016

+Hubble Space Telescope 
+European Space Agency, ESA 
+NASA Goddard 
+Space Telescope Science Institute 

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#Spiral #NGC247 #Cetus #Cosmos #Universe #ESA #STScI #Telescope #STEM #Education

The James Webb Space Telescope Face On | NASA Goddard
During the week of October 3rd, the James Webb Space Telescope was moved to a rotating stand close to the NASA Goddard cleanroom observation window in preparation for center of curvature testing. Laser interferometry will be used to measure the alignment of the mirrors both before and after environmental testing. Stay tuned for more detailed information on these upcoming tests.

Credit: NASA/Maggie Masetti
Image Date: October 3, 2016

+James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) 
+European Space Agency, ESA 
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Shanghai, China | Earth from Space | European Space Agency
The Chinese city of Shanghai is featured in this 200th edition of "Earth from Space" presented by Kelsea Brennan-Wessels from the ESA Web-TV virtual studios.

YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/BT2KIXWVqYM

Credit: European Space Agency (ESA)
Duration: 2 minutes, 23 seconds
Release Date: Oct. 7, 2016

+European Space Agency, ESA 

#ESA #Space #Satellite #Earth #Science #China #中国 #Shanghai #上海市 #Yangtze #长江 #River #Huangpu #黄浦江 #Copernicus #Sentinel #Sentinel2A #Europe #EarthObservation #RemoteSensing #STEM #Education #HD #Video

" Westerlund 2 Cluster "
#nasa#esa

Hubble Peers into the Storm
 
This shot from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows a maelstrom of glowing gas and dark dust within one of the Milky Way’s satellite galaxies, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC).
 
This stormy scene shows a stellar nursery known as N159, an HII region over 150 light-years across. N159 contains many hot young stars. These stars are emitting intense ultraviolet light, which causes nearby hydrogen gas to glow, and torrential stellar winds, which are carving out ridges, arcs, and filaments from the surrounding material.
 
At the heart of this cosmic cloud lies the Papillon Nebula, a butterfly-shaped region of nebulosity. This small, dense object is classified as a High-Excitation Blob, and is thought to be tightly linked to the early stages of massive star formation.
 
N159 is located over 160,000 light-years away. It resides just south of the Tarantula Nebula (heic1402), another massive star-forming complex within the LMC.  This image comes from Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys.  The region was previously imaged by Hubble’s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, which also resolved the Papillon Nebula for the first time. 
 
Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA
Text credit: European Space Agency
 
#spaceexploration #nasa #esa 

Spiral Galaxy NGC 278: Cassiopeia’s unusual resident | Hubble
This image, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, shows a spiral galaxy named NGC 278. This cosmic beauty lies some 38 million light-years away in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia (The Seated Queen).

While NGC 278 may look serene, it is anything but. The galaxy is currently undergoing an immense burst of star formation. This flurry of activity is shown by the unmistakable blue-hued knots speckling the galaxy’s spiral arms, each of which marks a clump of hot newborn stars.

However, NGC 278’s star formation is somewhat unusual; it does not extend to the galaxy’s outer edges, but is only taking place within an inner ring some 6500 light-years across. This two-tiered structure is visible in this image—while the galaxy’s center is bright, its extremities are much darker. This odd configuration is thought to have been caused by a merger with a smaller, gas-rich galaxy—while the turbulent event ignited the center of NGC 278, the dusty remains of the small snack then dispersed into the galaxy’s outer regions. Whatever the cause, such a ring of star formation, called a nuclear ring, is extremely unusual in galaxies without a bar at their center, making NGC 278 a very intriguing sight.

Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA and S. Smartt (Queen's University Belfast)
Release Date: October 10, 2016

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Eye of Hurricane Matthew - Thermal infrared

In this image taken October 7th, 2016, by the Sentinel-3A satellite you can see the temperature at the top of Hurricane Matthew at 03:13 GMT (05:13 CEST) today, as it approached Florida in the USA. The 400 km-wide hurricane was about 200 km northwest of Miami Beach when the image was taken.

Read more on hurricane Matthew here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew

Take a look here for some nighttime images taken by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi NPP satellite, showing power outages in the areas affected by Matthew:
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=88896

More on the Copernicus programme aimed at observing the Earth:
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus_Programme

More on the Sentinel-3A satellite:
https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-future-missions/sentinel-3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel-3

Image credit: Eye of Hurricane Matthew contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2016), processed by ESA https://goo.gl/jFHLES

Thank you for your interest in this Space/Space technology collection. Maybe add me on Google+ (+Pierre Markuse) and Twitter (https://twitter.com/Pierre_Markuse) or have a look at the Astronomy/Astrophysics collection here: https://goo.gl/x0zPAJ

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Rosetta Mission: 12 Years in Space

Rosetta's mission lasted 12 years 6 months and 28 days, from launch on 2 March 2004 to mission end on 30 September 2016. During that time, the spacecraft travelled some 7.9 billion km, including three gravity assist flybys at Earth and one at Mars, and two asteroid flybys.

Rosetta became the first spacecraft, in August 2014, to enter the orbit of a comet. In November of that year, it sent down robot lab Philae, which became the first comet lander.

Europe’s ground-breaking quest to unravel the Solar System’s mysteries concluded Friday, 30 September 2016 with the Rosetta comet chaser crashlanding onto the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

500 was number of scientists and engineers involved in the project.

The infographic below shows a summary of the mission.

► Infographic credit: Laurence Saubadu, Alain Bommenel, Sophie Ramis, AFP.
Source: ESA

Further reading

► Rosetta in numbers>> http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2016/09/27/rosetta-in-numbers/

► Rosetta: The end of a space odyssey>> http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/rosetta-the-end-of-a-space-odyssey/article/475718

► Rosetta website>> http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/

► Rosetta spacecraft>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)


#SolarSystem, #SpaceExploration , #RosettaMission , #ESA , #Space , #Comet67PChuryumovGerasimenko

James Webb Space Telescope: Ready for Testing | NASA Goddard
During the week of October 3rd, the James Webb Space Telescope was moved to a rotating stand close to the NASA Goddard cleanroom observation window in preparation for center of curvature testing. Laser interferometry will be used to measure the alignment of the mirrors both before and after environmental testing. Stay tuned for more detailed information on these upcoming tests.

Here the telescope reflects the NASA Goddard sign behind it.

Credit: NASA/Maggie Masetti
Image Date: October 3, 2016

+James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) 
+European Space Agency, ESA 
+Canadian Space Agency 
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ALMA Uncovers Secrets of Giant Space Blob
 
An international team using ALMA, along with ESO’s Very Large Telescope and other telescopes, has discovered the true nature of a rare object in the distant Universe called a Lyman-alpha Blob. Up to now astronomers did not understand what made these huge clouds of gas shine so brightly, but ALMA has now seen two galaxies at the heart of one of these objects and they are undergoing a frenzy of star formation that is lighting up their surroundings. These large galaxies are in turn at the centre of a swarm of smaller ones in what appears to be an early phase in the formation of a massive cluster of galaxies. The two ALMA sources are expected to evolve into a single giant elliptical galaxy.
Lyman-alpha Blobs (LABs) are gigantic clouds of hydrogen gas that can span hundreds of thousands of light-years and are found at very large cosmic distances. The name reflects the characteristic wavelength of ultraviolet light that they emit, known as Lyman-alpha radiation [1]. Since their discovery, the processes that give rise to LABs have been an astronomical puzzle. But new observations with ALMA may now have now cleared up the mystery.
One of the largest Lyman-alpha Blobs known, and the most thoroughly studied, is SSA22-Lyman-alpha blob 1, or LAB-1. Embedded in the core of a huge cluster of galaxies in the early stages of formation, it was the very first such object to be discovered — in 2000 — and is located so far away that its light has taken about 11.5 billion years to reach us.
A team of astronomers, led by Jim Geach, from the Centre for Astrophysics Research of the University of Hertfordshire, UK, has now used the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array’s (ALMA) unparallelled ability to observe light from cool dust clouds in distant galaxies to peer deeply into LAB-1. This allowed them to pinpoint and resolve several sources of submillimetre emission [2].
They then combined the ALMA images with observations from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) instrument mounted on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), which map the Lyman-alpha light. This showed that the ALMA sources are located in the very heart of the Lyman-alpha Blob, where they are forming stars at a rate over 100 times that of the Milky Way.
Deep imaging with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and spectroscopy at the W. M. Keck Observatory [3] showed in addition that the ALMA sources are surrounded by numerous faint companion galaxies that could be bombarding the central ALMA sources with material, helping to drive their high star formation rates.
The team then turned to a sophisticated simulation of galaxy formation to demonstrate that the giant glowing cloud of Lyman-alpha emission can be explained if ultraviolet light produced by star formation in the ALMA sources scatters off the surrounding hydrogen gas. This would give rise to the Lyman-alpha Blob we see.
Jim Geach, lead author of the new study, explains: “Think of a streetlight on a foggy night — you see the diffuse glow because light is scattering off the tiny water droplets. A similar thing is happening here, except the streetlight is an intensely star-forming galaxy and the fog is a huge cloud of intergalactic gas. The galaxies are illuminating their surroundings.”
Understanding how galaxies form and evolve is a massive challenge. Astronomers think Lyman-alpha Blobs are important because they seem to be the places where the most massive galaxies in the Universe form. In particular, the extended Lyman-alpha glow provides information on what is happening in the primordial gas clouds surrounding young galaxies, a region that is very difficult to study, but critical to understand.
Jim Geach concludes, “What’s exciting about these blobs is that we are getting a rare glimpse of what’s happening around these young, growing galaxies. For a long time the origin of the extended Lyman-alpha light has been controversial. But with the combination of new observations and cutting-edge simulations, we think we have solved a 15-year-old mystery: Lyman-alpha Blob-1 is the site of formation of a massive elliptical galaxy that will one day be the heart of a giant cluster. We are seeing a snapshot of the assembly of that galaxy 11.5 billion years ago.”
 
The Image
 
Computer simulation of a Lyman-alpha Blob
 
This rendering shows a snapshot from a cosmological simulation of a Lyman-alpha Blob similar to LAB-1. This simulation tracks the evolution of gas and dark matter using one of the latest models for galaxy formation running on the NASA Pleiades supercomputer. This view shows the distribution of gas within the dark matter halo, colour coded so that cold gas (mainly neutral hydrogen) appears red and hot gas appears white. Embedded at the centre of this system are two strongly star-forming galaxies, but these are surrounded by hot gas and many smaller satellite galaxies that appear as small red clumps of gas here. Lyman-alpha photons escape from the central galaxies and scatter off the cold gas associated with these satellites to give rise to an extended Lyman-alpha Blob.
 
 
**Credit:**J.Geach/D.Narayanan/R.Crain
 
#spaceexploration #nasa #esa

NGC 986: a Spiral in a Furnace

This Hubble image is a snapshot of NGC 986 — a barred spiral galaxy discovered in 1828 by James Dunlop. This close-up view of the galaxy was captured by Hubble’s Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2).

NGC 986 is found in the constellation of Fornax (The Furnace), located in the southern sky. NGC 986 is a bright, 11th-magnitude galaxy sitting around 56 million light-years away, and its golden centre and barred swirling arms are clearly visible in this image.

Barred spiral galaxies are spiral galaxies with a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars. NGC 986 has the characteristic S-shaped structure of this type of galactic morphology. Young blue stars can be seen dotted amongst the galaxy’s arms and the core of the galaxy is also aglow with star formation.

To the top right of this image the stars appear a little fuzzy. This is because a gap in the Hubble data was filled in with data from ground-based telescopes. Although the view we see in this filled in patch is accurate, the resolution of the stars is no match for Hubble’s clear depiction of the spiral galaxy.

► Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA

► Source>> https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1446a/

Further reading

► Spiral Galaxy>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_galaxy

► Fornax Constellation>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornax


#Galaxies, #HubbleSpaceTelescope, #Universe, #NGC986, #BarredSpiralGalaxies, #FornaxConstellaton, #Space, #Astronomy, #ESA, #NASA

ESA European Researchers' Night 2016 (Notte dei Ricercatori) #ESA   #ESRIN   #Frascati   #Research  

Schiaparelli’s descent to Mars
Video: https://youtu.be/s3WCtJt46qU

#spacetech #ESA #Mars