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#Sand‏

הטובים ביותר

Controversies of Science

Chris Reeve‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

The Trouble with Sand's Color: Sand's Color Comes from Iron / But Iron is Not Involved in the Process of Creating or Transporting the Sand / This Thin Varnish of Iron-Oxide is Possibly a Game-Changer for the Theory of Sand / One Theorist, Gary Gilligan, is Convinced it's Evidence that Earth's Sand Comes from Mars / Is He Right?!

This graphic is based upon the theory presented in ...

Extraterrestrial Sands
by Gary Gilligan
p.150-177

REFERENCES:

[1] https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=extraterrestrial+sands+all+agree+the+colour+derives+from+the+staining+of+individual+grains&source=bl&ots=bnle6OOfDy&sig=XywcvXhQcOsEhFYcim76j7884Yc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm3oGItaXOAhUN42MKHUiUCrsQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=extraterrestrial%20sands%20all%20agree%20the%20colour%20derives%20from%20the%20staining%20of%20individual%20grains&f=false

[2] Desert Geomorphology. Cooke, Warren, Goudie, 1993 p316

[3] http://journals.fcla.edu/jcr/article/view/80685/77867

[4] Desert Geomorphology. Cooke, Warren, Goudie, 1993 p314

[5] http://indiana.edu/~hydrogeo/Penn,%20Zhu%20et%20al-2001-Geology.pdf

[6] https://books.google.com/books?id=yrY-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=Since+geologists+are+short+of+answers,+a+somewhat+vague,+sweeping+statement+extraterrestrial+sands&source=bl&ots=SMtmShnOCy&sig=P0c-Yx0RTLrxY736qxHNwakqqXk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYtOuJjp_OAhVW6WMKHWI6D_YQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=since%20geologists%20are%20short%20of%20answers%2C%20a%20somewhat%20vague&f=false

[7] http://www.bu.edu/remotesensing/files/pdf/174.pdf

[8] [9] https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2016/04/26/guest-post-by-gary-gilligan/

[10] https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164&dq=the+first+question+that+jumps+out+is+what+happened+to+its+colour?&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiExIvioZ_OAhVPw2MKHQZKDFIQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=the%20first%20question%20that%20jumps%20out%20is%20what%20happened%20to%20its%20colour%3F&f=false

[11] http://www.livescience.com/8889-sand-grains-african-desert-1-million-years.html

[12] http://written-in-stone-seen-through-my-lens.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-great-sand-dunes-of-colorado-part-i.html

[13] [14] https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&dq=most+sand+grains+are+coated+with+a+thin+glaze+(varnish)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHwIbotqXOAhVQwGMKHeHOAVIQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=most%20sand%20grains%20are%20coated%20with%20a%20thin%20glaze%20(varnish)&f=false

[15] http://indiana.edu/~hydrogeo/Penn,%20Zhu%20et%20al-2001-Geology.pdf

[16] http://www.space.com/16999-mars-red-planet.html

[17] https://books.google.com/books?id=yrY-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=%22every+object+has+a+net+charge.+that+net+charge+can+be+positive,+negative+or+zero.+quartz+grains+are+considered+as+having+a+negative%22+extraterrestrial+sands&source=bl&ots=SMtmTkoQDx&sig=YXltKSedvSsUqWe4dCOHxLENFjE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH5Jbv9qLOAhXJKGMKHQlqApAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

[18] [19] https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2016/04/28/gary-gilligan-extraterrestrial-sands/

[20] - [22] https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2016/04/28/gary-gilligan-extraterrestrial-sands/

[23] http://sed.utah.edu/Navajo.htm

[24] [25] http://www.whoi.edu/news-release/dissolved-iron

[26] The Origins of the Latin God Mars by Ev Cochrane

[27] See some more discussion at http://www.space.com/16105-asteroid-belt.html

[28] There are more image comparisons in an article at http://www.businessinsider.com/photos-of-mars-landscapes-by-nasas-curiosity-rover-2015-6

[29] http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5D.html

[30] http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/

[31] http://phys.org/news/2016-06-dutch-crops-grown-mars-soil.html

#mars #geology #sand

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התמונות של Chris Reeve

16 תגובות

Chris Reeve‏

0
1
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+Clarisse Nigaud It's not actually another perspective; it's the very set of claims that the last three graphics on sand presented evidence against.

· תרגם

הוסף תגובה...

Controversies of Science

The Questionable Origins of Earth's Sand: Geologists Tell Us that the Vast 100,000 Cubic km Navajo Sandstone Bed Started Out as Sand that was Transported Across the Entire United States Mainland from the Appalachians by a Massive River / Yet, Somehow it Managed to End Up As 90% Pure Quartz / Evidence for this Hypothetical River Has Never Emerged / And the Algebra Suggests that the Appalachians Must have Reached 28 km (17 mi) in Height to Create this Amount of Sand

Extraterrestrial Sands
Gary Gilligan
p.66-79

"The Appalachian Mountains are a chain of mountains located in the eastern United States and Canada, running across the North American continent from Alabama in the south to Newfoundland in the north. The mountain range measures roughly 100 to 300 miles (160.9 to 482.7 kilometres) wide and covers an area of about 1,500 miles (2,413.5 kilometres) from north to south (image below). In 2003, geologist Jeffrey Rahl and his colleagues analysed tiny grains of the mineral zircon embedded in the Navajo Sandstone. By 'dating' these zircon grains using the uranium-lead (UPb) radioactive method, it has been postulated that the sand grains in the Navajo Sandstone came from the Appalachians far to the east. If this is true, it means the sand grains were transported at least 1,250 miles (2,012 kilometres) across North America.

I refer the reader to the image on page 54 showing the Navajo deposit with the respect to the proposed source, the Appalachians in the east. How does 100,000 cubic kilometres of quartz sand become transported over such a vast distance? In a very vague and feeble attempt to explain, geologists here propose an immense transcontinental 'river system' delivered the sand to the west where the wind took over and swept it into a fantastic sand pile (http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/nov03/NN_navajo.html).

Considering that Navajo Sandstone is believed to be some 180 million years old and was built layer by layer over 15 million years, you would need more than a leap of faith to accept this. It is not only impossible for such a river to have persisted for millions of years but also inconceivable that it would create such a virtually pure deposit of quartz sand (90 per cent) hundreds of feet thick and covering thousands of square miles. Modern rivers such as the Mississippi, Nile and Amazon do not do this.

If such a river did exist, where was it? Certainly nowhere near the surface as there are no geological features to suggest a great transcontinental river once flowed across the U.S. Perhaps the evidence lies hidden below ground? We recall the network of paleo-rivers and tributaries hidden beneath the Sahara and Arabian deserts, which are thought to be around 20 to 30 million years old. Indeed, even more so in that, to transport so much sand over such a long period of time and over such a great distance, this river must have been truly colossal -- is there any evidence for a great 'radar' river system? The author is unaware of any ground-penetrating radar evidence for a continent wide paleo-river and would suggest with a great deal of confidence that none will ever be found. It would seem unlikely that the Navajo sand sea and its proposed parent source, the river system, has magically disappeared off the face of the Earth.

It's not just the sand. We also have to take into account the clay-forming feldspars which, having eroded from the Appalachians, would equate to roughly four times the volume of sand (approximately 500,000 cubic kilometres). Added to this the majority of Colorado Plateau sandstones (and corresponding four times silt), which some also believe originated from the Appalachians, and we have mind-boggling quantities of material that was apparently transported across the US.

Few rivers in the world are over 2,000 kilometres long. Even if they were, it would be highly unlikely these rivers could move such vast quantities of sediment that distance. Modem rivers do carry heavy sediment loads, but they do not move quartz-bearing sediments over such distances in the suggested quantities.

The proposed 'river system' must have been an interior one, that is to say, it didn't flow out to sea. A logical assumption since the Navajo Sandstone wouldn't be where it is today if it was initially washed out to the ocean. This raises the question as to where the many millions of tons of eroded sediment forming silt ended up (the by-product of any quartz sand production). At a rough estimate, this would be some ten times the volume of Navajo sand, enough perhaps to cover the whole U.S. at some considerable depth. Where did this settle?

One would naturally assume it was deposited in the same rough location as the Navajo Sandstone to form multiple sedimentary deposits of shale (or mudstone and suchlike) the most common of sedimentary rock -- is this what happened? Unfortunately, there's no mention of this by geologists; as discussed previously, the awkward question as to the whereabouts of the weathered material (clays) from granite is rarely considered or simply dismissed as transported 'in solution' somewhere.

But it must have settled somewhere and by all accounts it should be a more prominent geological feature than all the sandstone deposits put together! Perhaps it underwent a few recycling events and was scattered throughout the region to form some of the sedimentary layers we see outcropping in locations such as the Grand Canyon? There are plenty of shale deposits in the region. However, as we are dealing with gargantuan volumes on a continent-wide scale, the evidence here should be unequivocal with large-scale deposits consistent with that of being transported across the U.S. and laid down in one location. After all, this is the same sediment that apparently produced the Navajo (and many other sandstone deposits such as the Coconino), which not only managed to remain as virtually 'pure' quartz but was also deposited in one basic location, despite supposedly being laid down over many millions of years.

No matter how you look this, evidence for Appalachian silt the other side of the continent should be glaringly obvious, as clear and as distinctive as its derivative, the Navajo sand bed and other quartzose deposits. Geologists should be confidently identifying such deposits and explaining how they got there. But they cannot. A question for geologists: how is it that only the quartz ended up being deposited as the Navajo and Coconino Sandstones? What happened to all the feldspars and mica?

The Appalachian Mountains are rolling, green mountains and look nothing like the Rockies or the Tetons. When compared with the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas, Andes or Alps they are seldom mentioned among the world's great mountain ranges, mainly because they consist mostly of low gentle ridges, almost like the keel of a boat. The Appalachians are a complex mix of mountains and have a long and complex geologic history spanning some 480 million years.

A look at rocks exposed in today's Appalachian Mountains reveals elongated belts of folded and thrust-faulted marine sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and slivers of ancient ocean floor. So here we see they are largely of the wrong composition.

Thought to have formed as a result of a series of continental collisions, granitic outcrops occur in several areas, especially in the Piedmont region. They vary tremendously in size, shape and position in the landscape. Some consist of small, flat-lying exposures (or flatrocks) only a few square feet in area while others span between a few hundred square kilometres to approximately 2,000 square kilometres, as is the case with the Rolesville granite batholith located in North Carolina. One way of visualising the granitic intrusions would be to describe the Appalachians as an elongated bowl of porridge with prunes protruding the surface -- as the granitic outcrops are just that, rock intrusions.

Although there is little information on this (no one, it seems is too interested in tracking down the primary source of sand), a conservative estimate of the total area covered by granitic outcrops found in the Appalachians would be about 3 per cent. This would equate to roughly 36,000 square kilometres of granitic outcrops, if that. Was this ever enough to produce the huge sandstone deposits in the westem U.S.? I strongly doubt this for several reasons.

Using our height formula and bearing in mind the weathered material, some absolutely impossible heights would have to be realised. Indeed, today's granitic outcrops would once have had to stand at an incredible 28 kilometres to create the Navajo and Coconino deposits alone. This is some three times the height of the Himalayas and sounds highly implausible -- especially when taking into account the fact that granite is an intrusive rock not a sedimentary rock. It forms under Earth's surface (mainly sedimentary rock overlain with soil) which having eroded away exposes the granitic rock. This deems the whole of the Appalachian complex must have once stood even higher than its granitic intrusions. Although the Appalachians are vast in length, peaking at a mere 6,684 feet (2,037 metres) they are low lying, and while there is ample evidence to suggest they were higher in the past, I doubt any geologist would ever suggest they reached the dizzying heights of 28 kilometres. This would give unprecedented heights as well as unfathomable quantities of sediments, bordering on biblical proportions.

Some may postulate that the Appalachians underwent several phases of tectonic uplift (mountain forming) and erosion simultaneously, that is to say several kilometres of rock were eroded away at the same time as the mountains were slowly thrust upwards, thus preventing them from ever attaining such astronomical heights. This is a nonstarter, inasmuch as the granite outcrops are said to have formed around 300 million years ago while the Navajo Sandstone is reputedly about 180 million years old. What this means is the granitic intrusions seen today are the only possible source for the sand. But this makes little sense, for it is impossible for them to have stood at 28 kilometres high -- as rock intrusions that began life just below Earth's surface they cannot be too far off from where they stand today. This is proven by the fact that sedimentary rocks weather much faster than granitic rock. So, if the granites were at any considerable elevation, the surrounding sedimentary material would have weathered away first, leaving behind some truly imposing granite prunes! Like skyscrapers piercing the skies of the world's major cities, they would have dwarfed the surrounding landscape. Nowhere on Earth has this occurred on such a scale and it certainly isn't a feature of the Appalachians.

If we assume for a moment that the sand did somehow originate from the Appalachians, then exactly how would this work? To understand this further let us briefly run through the likely sequence of events before analysing the main points a little more in depth. As will become evident, the whole scenario is impossible. I would add, what follows here could also apply to the process of quartz production worldwide.

The process would go something like this; rains fall on the mountains and over eons of time erosion removes thousands of feet of overlying mainly sedimentary rock, exposing the more resistant bodies of granite. The surrounding rocks along with the bulk (80 per cent) of the granitic rocks weather away into solution to form silt and clay minerals (mud). These would normally be washed out to sea by rivers, but as we are dealing with an interior river system, they are transported and deposited at some, yet to be found, location in the west. We can only assume a basin containing a lake here. The tough quartz crystals on the other hand are not suspended in solution; they are transported along river beds by a process called saltation (jumping along the bed of a river). Regardless, they combine to form unfathomable volumes of clay, silt and sand (mud) which would have been deposited in and around said lake, in particular around the mouth of the river feeding it.

Incessant rain?

It is without doubt that the erosion, transportation and deposition of millions of tons of sediment thousands of miles west across the continent via a river system involved rain, and lots of it. In fact, rainwater must have been continuous and totally unremitting for literally billions of years in order to create so much sand. If there were any significant respite then the sand/silt/mud would have been more randomly scattered, i.e. deposited further upstream during dryer periods, thus more prone to wind transportation and deposition. In essence, it wouldn't have ended up in one basic place.

In any case, there is no evidence whatsoever for a great eastwest continental river system emanating from the direction of the Appalachians and depositing sediments en route. This raises the question of: what changed if the Appalachians were responsible for the majority of the sedimentary layers in the west? What great cataclysm befell the U.S. causing a giant east-west river system to disappear off the face of the earth?

Where were the Milankovitch cycles (MCs) during all this time?

As we have seen, many believe the MCs were the driving force in shaping the climate of North America (Arabia etc.), i.e. causing the region to experience cyclical wet and dry periods over many millennia -- are we to believe the same variations in Earth's axial tilt played no recognisable part in the U.S.? Where were the cycles during the erosion, transportation and deposition of unfathomable quantities of sedimentary material apparently laid down in the west? Are the MCs recorded in the Navajo or Coconino sandstone layers? Are any of them recorded in the strata of the Grand Canyon? If not, why not? Were these regions exempt from global changes? If the MCs were responsible for the catastrophic transformation of North Mrica, the Middle East and the Asian continent then why can't scholars correlate these events with events in the U.S.? It's all very vague and riddled with inconsistencies -- yet more reasons to dismiss the Milankovitch cycles as they clearly do not work.

Magical filtration system?

As we can see, the deposition of several million tons of sediment in the west also involved mud (clay, silt and sand), and lots of it. In fact, it's difficult to conceive the quantities of mud involved -- probably enough to turn Earth into one gigantic mud ball. It's a wonder this alone didn't silt up the whole system. Mixed in with this mud we have the relatively small amount of quartz grains, at a guess probably less than 2 per cent (if that, when taking into account the additional mix of eroded material from the Appalachians, i.e. soil etc.). Laid down in a continental basin or lake somewhere to form multiple beds of sediment, how on Earth was this filtered out to form the vast pure sandstone deposits found in the Colorado Plateau? The Navajo sand sea comprises of more than 90 per cent pure quartz sand, and the Coconino an even higher concentration. Both deposits stretch for thousands of miles -- what magical filtration system manages to sort hundreds of thousands of cubic kilometres of quartz grains from masses upon masses of silt and clay? Just how did the quartz sand end up so well sorted? If of the same origin, why the variants in the purity of the sand? Are similar processes at work today? Are the Appalachian granites still churning out first-phase quartz grains creating new, virtually pure sand seas at some location? If so, where? If not, why not?

We may ask the same questions in regard to the world's granitic outcrops: are they still giving up their 20 per cent quartz? Mainstream says yes but since we are dealing with erosional processes that take millions upon millions of years, it is imperceptible on such a small scale. Indeed!

While it isn't doubted that quartz grains are being eroded from granitic rocks, I would suggest this to be on such a negligible scale as to be virtually ineffective. Certainly not even coming close to ever providing a source for the world's vast deposits of quartz sand (be it beach, dune, sandstone or otherwise) no matter how much time you ascribe to it. Time just doesn't favour the laying down of vast pure deposits of sand (first phase or recycled). It would require the supposition that there was no environmental or geological change during the multimillion years of deposition -- given the dynamicity of Earth, highly unlikely. Where were the Milankovitch cycles during such times? Why aren't glacialinterglacial periods clearly represented in the strata?

Rivers do of course carry sediments; some such as the Amazon, Mississippi, Nile and Indus carry very heavy loads. This is deposited at the mouth of the rivers to form new land called deltas. A prime example would be the Mississippi, which drains all or part of thirty-one U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains, dumping the sediment in the Gulf of Mexico, forming a large soil-rich delta. As we have seen, sediment typically consists of sand, silt and clay. However, proportions can vary considerably between rivers. For instance, there is ample evidence to show that the Mississippi has not only deposited large amounts of sand in the past but this is an ongoing process -- so much so it has to be dredged on a regular basis to keep waterways open. But how much of river sand is quartz grains disintegrated from granitic outcrops? How much of this is primary source sand?

Using the standard model of granite taking many millions of years to erode it is logical to conclude this to be negligible -- virtually undetectable. But if this so, then where does all the sand in our rivers come from if not source rock? It is thought that the majority of sand in rivers is derived from secondary sources (recycled) such as sandstone or unconsolidated sand washed down off the land -- very little sand originates directly from granitic sources. This is easily understood when considering the slow erosion of granite rock versus the more rapid erosion of sedimentary rocks. And yet, it is from this 'trickle' that the world's beaches were apparently formed; it is from this trickle that great oceans of dune sands are believed to have been created; it is from this trickle that enough sand to cover the continents to a height of 1,160 metres (approx. 1.16 kilometres) was created (eroded from rock that would stand at a height of 6 kilometres). Hard to believe given the fact that all the water, in all of the streams and rivers of the world represents only 0.005 per cent of all the water in the world outside the ocean basin.

When taking into account the above, it is plain to see there is something seriously wrong with the idea that vast swathes of sand (and sediment) were transported across the U.S. and dumped in the west via a river system. As demonstrated, there is no geological evidence whatsoever to support this. The only thing linking the two is an apparent match between zircon crystals -- nothing else! What does this tell us? It tells us that the dating of zircon grains is seriously flawed and cannot be relied on. Moreover, we are left with even more vast quartz sand seas of unknown origin."

#sand #navajosandstone

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התמונות של Chris Reeve

4 תגובות

Petra Hattingh‏

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1
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Thanks for adding me,Chris!!

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Coastal Collection

Steve Archenoul‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Sunset at L'eree. #sunset #sunsetphotography #seascape #seascapephotography #sea #sand #water

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התמונות של Steve Archenoul

הוסף תגובה...

Nature Photography

Alex Munro‏

Seascapes‏ -

Rock and a hard place

#366project #ocean #sand

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The Spit, Surfers paradise‏ Main Beach QLD 4217, Australia‏

התמונות של Alex Munro

הוסף תגובה...

Friends of NASA‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Middle East Borders & Sand Dunes | International Space Station
Jeff Williams: "Interesting manmade structures in the dunes of the Saudi peninsula, border road between UAE and Oman."

The Arabian Peninsula is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geological perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.
(Source: Wikipedia)

Credit: NASA/JSC, U.S. Astronaut Jeff Williams
Release Date: July 25, 2016

+NASA's Earth Observatory
+NASA Johnson Space Center

#NASA #Space #ISS #Earth #SaudiArabia #UAE #Oman #MiddleEast #Dunes #Sand #Arabian #Peninsula #Planet #Technology #Science #Spacecraft #Astronaut #JeffWilliams #USA #UnitedStates #Expedition48 #JourneyToMars #OrbitalPerspective #OverviewEffect #STEM #Education #عمان #المملكة العربية السعودية #الإمارات العربية المتحدة

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התמונות של Friends of NASA

4 תגובות

Ivana Amelia‏

2
3
2

Generous nature that allows us to interrupt its dunes and more... Thank Jeff Williams & all members of ISS from space and from Earth!

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Landscape Photography

Andrew Mayovskyy (Worldwide Travel Photography)‏

Natural/Rural Landscapes‏ -

Black sand dunes on the Stokksnes headland. Iceland, Europe.
More of my photos on Shutterstock:
http://shutterstock.com/g/andrewmayovskyy

#AndrewMayovskyy #europe #view #travelphotography #amazing #beautiful #Iceland #sea #marine #sand #dune #grass #landscape #travel #ocean #basalt #light #wonderful #shutterstock #awesome #majestic #nature #naturephotography #landscapephotography #adventure #summer #morning #colorful #mountains #amazingphotos #country #wanderland #outdoors #sky #splendid #picturasque

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התמונות של Andrew Mayovskyy (Worldwide Travel Photography)

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Landscape on the day

Rosaria Tarraga‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

THE EMPTY QUARTER DESERT

#clouds #sand #blue #desert #LandscapePhotography

התמונות של Rosaria Tarraga

Amazing Landscape

Sonja P‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Morning at the beach by Sealanwangsa
#sunrise #morning #beach #clouds #sand #coast #seascape #ocean #blue #light

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התמונות של Sonja P

5 תגובות

Gerald glock sr‏

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EEDF x c3a7z

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The Night Sky

RAHALI BOUMED‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

The Milky Way Band, by Prajit Ravindran.

#night #stars #sand #selfportrait #starry #milkyway #galaxy #nightphotography #selfie #nightscapes #sanddunes #UTAH #NIGHTLANDSCAPE
500px.com/photo/163702563

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התמונות של RAHALI BOUMED

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Amazing Landscape

Sonja P‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Swept by Ryan Buchanan
#california #death_valley #nationalpark #sand #golden #dunes #landscape #clouds

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התמונות של Sonja P

Ricky T. Erickson‏

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Very nice

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Coastal Collection

Steve Archenoul‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Sunset at L'eree. #sunset #sunsetphotography #seascape #seascapephotography #sea #water #sand #rocks

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התמונות של Steve Archenoul

הוסף תגובה...

Beauty of Sunset

Sonja P‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Sunset & Clouds by Fannie Jowski
#canaryislands #canarias #sunset #beach #sand #light #red #clouds #ocean #coast #seascape

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התמונות של Sonja P

הוסף תגובה...

Beautiful Places

Souheil Ghammachi‏

Beach Side‏ -

Yolanda F.‏ שיתפה במקור ב-Beautiful Places/ Travel Destinations‏:

Punta Cana Dominican Republic

#resorts #hotels #beach #sand #vacation #family #travel #pools

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התמונות של Yolanda F.

7 תגובות על הפוסט המקורי

112

הוסף תגובה...

Controversies of Science

Chris Reeve‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

The Sudden Appearance of Earth's Sand: The Sahara and Arabian Deserts Both Lack a Confirmed Origin / The Sahara Sand is Thought to be Millions of Years Old / Yet, Excavated Bones are From Water-Adapted Creatures and Human Settlements / People Just a Few Thousand Years Ago Thrived in these Regions, and they Were Wet / The Textbook Theories Struggle to Make Sense of It

The analysis comes from Extraterrestrial Sands, by Gary Gilligan. My personal opinion is that the book is a sh*t-show of unsupported claims wrapped like a bun around a very interesting hot dog. I've left out the unsupported claims and focused on the hot dog.

Gary Gilligan seems to have figured out one very important thing, and we might as well focus on that.

I think you will agree.

There is a bit more coming up on this fascinating subject of sand!

REFERENCES:

[1] [2] http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100408sahara.htm

[3] https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=it+is+perplexing+how+so+much+emphasis+is+placed+on+the+%27drying+out%27+of+the+sahara+with+little+or+no+consideration+as+to+the+implications&source=bl&ots=bnkn9UPkzr&sig=XpgD4wtPb-FlBjeVYIYm2CGP2kg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixjI-l6pLOAhWB34MKHUeJAuEQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

[4] [5] http://phys.org/news/2013-11-sahara-sand.html

[6] http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~peter/site/Research/Entries/2013/10/29_East_African_Hydroclimate_files/Tierney.deMenocal.2013.pdf

[7] https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=it+is+perplexing+how+so+much+emphasis+is+placed+on+the+%27drying+out%27+of+the+sahara+with+little+or+no+consideration+as+to+the+implications&source=bl&ots=bnkn9UPkzr&sig=XpgD4wtPb-FlBjeVYIYm2CGP2kg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixjI-l6pLOAhWB34MKHUeJAuEQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

[8] https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=it+is+perplexing+how+so+much+emphasis+is+placed+on+the+%27drying+out%27+of+the+sahara+with+little+or+no+consideration+as+to+the+implications&source=bl&ots=bnkn9UPkzr&sig=XpgD4wtPb-FlBjeVYIYm2CGP2kg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixjI-l6pLOAhWB34MKHUeJAuEQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

[9] http://phys.org/news/2013-11-sahara-sand.html

[10] http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp363-ss13/2013/02/06/the-lost-tribes-of-the-green-sahara/

[11] http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2008/08/14/stone-age-graveyard-in-the-sahara-recalls-an-era-of-lakes-and-wetlands/#.V5i59mQrL1t

[12] http://www.ancient-atlantis.com/middle-east-green-before-flood/

[13] http://www.khammash.com/research/jawa-dawn-water-engineering

[14] http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26841410

[15] http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26841410

[16] - [20] (approximate) https://books.google.com/books?id=i_YEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=it+is+perplexing+how+so+much+emphasis+is+placed+on+the+%27drying+out%27+of+the+sahara+with+little+or+no+consideration+as+to+the+implications&source=bl&ots=bnkn9UPkzr&sig=XpgD4wtPb-FlBjeVYIYm2CGP2kg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixjI-l6pLOAhWB34MKHUeJAuEQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

#sand #desert

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התמונות של Chris Reeve

16 תגובות

Michael Harris‏

0
1
0

+Chris Reeve Great reply, and a great plan. And a great idea you have there. Tks.

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הוסף תגובה...

Landscape at night

Rosaria Tarraga‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

MAGICAL DESERT BY NIGHT

#desert #utah #nightphotography #night #sand #milky

התמונות של Rosaria Tarraga

Fight The Power

Sarada Uchiha (Mariko Uchiwa)‏
בעלים

Character Popularity Polls 💘‏ -

Favorite sand guy?!

#Sasori #Gaara #Suna #Sand #Naruto #NarutoShippuden #Masashi #Kishimoto

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31 הצבעות - הצבעות גלויות באופן 'ציבורי'

26%

74%

Sasori‏

26%

Gaara‏

74%

3 תגובות

Sarada Uchiha (Mariko Uchiwa)‏

1
2
1

+Rey 93AFI Me too he really is one of my fav character

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הוסף תגובה...

smileyjoe joe‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Magic sand is also known as Aqua Sand. Magic sand was originally developed to trap ocean oil spills near the shore. This would be done by sprinkling magic sand on floating petroleum, which would then mix with the oil and make it heavy enough to sink. Due to the expense of production, it is not being used for this purpose. It has also been tested by utility companies in Arctic regions as a foundation for junction boxes, as it never freezes. It can be also used as an aerating medium for potted plants.

Magic sand is made in blue, green, or red in colors but appears silvery in water because of a layer of air that forms around the sand, making it unable to get wet.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_sand

#magic #sand #petroleum #ocean #didyouknow #interestingfacts #interesting

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smileyjoe joe‏ שיתף במקור ב-Interesting‏:

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התמונות של smileyjoe joe

2 תגובות על הפוסט המקורי

4 תגובות

Dee Wilkins‏

0
1
0

Like :)

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הוסף תגובה...

Roma Thomas‏

שותף באופן ציבורי -

Amazing Parrots in Sand art

can they fly ? Need only green colour to fill there... they will look real.

I think both are couple

Am I right or wrong ?

#sand #art #parrots #amazing #green #artist #nature #bird
#birds #love

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