Ho language

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This article is about the Austroasiatic language of India. For the Tibeto-Burman language also known as Ho of China, Vietnam and Laos, see Hani language.
Ho
𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜 Ho jagar
Pronunciation /hoː ʤʌgʌr/
Native to India, Bangladesh
Ethnicity Ho people
Native speakers
 1.04 million (2001 census)[1]
Warang Citi
Official status
Official language in
 Secondary Official Language in Jharkhand
Language codes
ISO 639-3 hoc
Glottolog hooo1248[2]
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Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜, IPA: /hoː ʤʌgʌr/) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 1.04 million people (0.103% of India's population) per the 2001 census. It is spoken by the Ho people of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, West Bengal, Assam, Bangladesh and is written with the Warang Citi script. In some regions, Oriya, Devanagari and Latin scripts are used,[3] but are considered non-ideal by the native speakers who prefer exclusive use of Warang Citi.[4]

The name "Ho" is derived from the native word "𑣙𑣉𑣉" (IPA: /hoː/) which means "Human being".[5]

Distribution[edit]

The largest concentrations of Ho speakers are in the West Singhbhum, Jamshedpur and East Singhbhum district of southern Jharkhand and in the Mayurbhanj district and Keonjhar district, Jajpur district, Sundergarh district, Balasore District, Dhenkanal district, Sambalpur district, Cuttack district, Angul District, Bhadrak district of Odisha. Ho is closer to the Mayurbhanj dialect of Mundari than the language spoken in Jharkhand. Although Ho and Mundari are linguistically close, the ethnic identity of the speakers is distinct.[5][6]

Stages of Development[edit]

Their language is developed in close association with nature and living together with birds and beasts.[7],[8]

Earlier reference in different Sources: Some of the earlier references with regard to the development of the Ho language are as follows: Grammatical Construction of the Ho Language . The Aboriginal of Central India . Burmah, its people and Natural Productions . Outlines of Indian Philosophy . Report of the Ethnological Committee on paper laid before etc. The Ho Grammar was the first work done towards the development of Ho language. Lionel Burrow wrote the book in Roman script in 1915. On the Terminology of Relationship of the Hos of Kolkan . A comparative study of some measurements of the HOs . Problems and Prospects of the Jharkhandi Languages .

b) Significant levels/points of planning: The scripts of Roman, Devanagari and Barang Chiti have been used in the field of teaching and learning. In 1953, the department of Education, Government of Bihar set out instructions to all the Divisional Inspectors of schools[9]. The government maintained that ‘the pupil-teachers whose mother tongue is other than Hindi should be given the option of maintaining their records in their mother tongue. In every junior Training School besides Hindi, a second mother-tongue as accepted in Government resolution no.645ER of the 10th August, 1953 should be invariably taught.’ The plan has been to provide education in their mother tongue at the primary level.

Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate courses in different colleges under the Ranchi University. The university opened a separate department named Tribal and Regional Languages in 1981.[10]

In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik. The Tribal Research Institute conducted a Study of Ho Dialect.[citation needed]

c) Other: There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop the Ho language under the leadership of late Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 entitled Ho Hayam Paham Puti in the Barang Chiti lipi script and introduced the letters of Barang Chiti, Kakahara.[11]

Sindhu Surin reworked and propagated Owar Ankawa- a reformed script of barang chiti. This has been popularized and disseminated by the institution called Sindhu Jumur.[citation needed]

A.Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the barang chiti lipi with the script of Indus valley in their book the Echoes of Indus valley[12]. Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his ‘Indus Script’ described that the script Barang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village.[13]

Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing a series of books in Devanagri script. Fr. John Deeney wrote Ho Grammar and Vocabulary in 1975.[14]

4. Change of Status/Course due to important event like linguistic states reorganization: In post-independence era by state reorganization, Ho speaking region bifurcated and demography scattered into Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. Post independence state reorganization, therefore, was of little help in the development of Ho language.[15]

A new state Jharkhand came into existence in November 2000. In its effort the state government has recently recommended Ho language to be included in the eighth schedule of the Constitution. There is hope in the initiative taken by the government as regard to the development of the Ho language in future.[16]

Rising significance of Ho Language[edit]

The University Grants Commission of India has already recognized Ho as a language and literature.Now,UGC is conducting National Eligibility Test examination in Ho language under the subject code 70 in Tribal and Regional Language/Literature group.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ho at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Ho". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  3. ^ "The Warang Chiti Alphabet". Swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2015. 
  4. ^ Harrison, Anderson, David, Gregory. "Review of Proposal for Encoding Warang Chiti (Hoorthography) in Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved 19 March 2015. 
  5. ^ a b "Ho Web Sketch: Ho writing" (PDF). Livingtongues.org. Retrieved 19 March 2015. 
  6. ^ Anderson, edited by Gregory S. (2008). The Munda languages (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X. 
  7. ^ Purty, Dhanursingh, "Ho-Dishum Ho Honko" seven volumes.(1982) Xavier Ho Publications
  8. ^ http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
  9. ^ Department of Education, Government of Bihar,1953
  10. ^ University Deparment Of Tribal And Regional Language ,Ranchi University,Jharkhand
  11. ^ Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani
  12. ^ Echoes of Indus valley by A.Pathak and N.K. Verma
  13. ^ Indus Script by Sudhanshu Kumar Ray
  14. ^ Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu,1975
  15. ^ Anderson, Gregory D. S., Toshiki Osada and K. David Harrison. "Ho and the other Kherwarian Languages" In Gregory Anderson (ed.) Munda Languages. (2008). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6
  16. ^ Study of Ho Dialect by Tribal Research Institute ,Jharkhand
  17. ^ www.ugcnetexam.co.in/ugc-net-tribal-regional-language-literature-syllabus.html

Further reading[edit]

  • Deeney, J. J. (1991). Introduction to the Ho language: [learn Ho quickly and well]. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.
  • Burrows, L. (1915). Ho grammar: with vocabulary.
  • Deeney, J. J. (1975). Ho grammar and vocabulary. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.
  • Hembram, D.r. "Shishu Halang" Part-2. Jharkhand Publications.
  • Bandia, Kaira Singh. "OL INITU".
  • Bodra, Lako. "Saraswati Gowari".
  • Bodra, Lako. "Baha Buru-Bonga Buru" in Ho language.
  • Bodra, Lako. "Kol Rule" in Hindi.
  • Bodra, Lako. "Kol Rule" in Ho by Dr. Lako Bodra.
  • Bodra, Lako. "Halang Halpung" in Ho By Dr. Lako Bodra.
  • Bodra, Lako. "Sahar Hora" part-1 by Dr. Lako Bodra.
  • Bodra, Lako. (2000). "Sishu Halang" part I & part II by Dr. Lako Bodra.
  • Lala Rai Niranjan Shrivastav, Bhubaneswar Prasad Awasthi, S.A.B.D.Hans,Dulay ch. munda. "Munda lokgeet evang lokkathayain".
  • Bible Society of India, "Jiban Reya Hora" By Bible Society of India.
  • Paleya, Padiyar., "Landa Bagan" Padiyar Paleya.
  • Tiu, Prafulla., "Oriya-Ho" Language Translation. By Prafulla tiu.
  • Honhaga, Vibhishan." Sing Bonga Ashra". (1968).
  • Deogam, Moraji., "Luku Hadam Dishum-Rumul".(1993).by Moraji Deogam.
  • Purty, Dhanursingh, "Ho-Dishum Ho Honko" seven volumes.(1982) Xavier Ho Publications.
  • Tiu, Soneya Kumar, "Re-ed-Ranu" PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. (Allopathic, Birth control & Horo vocabulary).physician Soneya Kumar Tiu.(1976).
  • Deogam, Chandrabhusan, "Larka Ho", by Chandrabhusan Deogam.
  • Purty, Laxman., "Elabu Padawa" Part-II. By Laxman Purty.
  • Gagarai, Ghanshyam., "Parichaya" (Adivasi Ho Samaj). by Ghanshyam Gagarai.(6.10.1993). published by Krishi ebang jilla samanbayak. south Bihar, Jamshedpur.
  • Tiu, Singhrai, "Warang Chiti Chinab" in Ho. by Singhrai Tiu.
  • Bodra, Bagun, "Sishu Seyan" in Ho by Bagun Bodra. approved by Ho Bhasa Sahitya Vikash Samity Chaibasa, Singhbhum(W.)Bihar.
  • Tiriya, Kali Charan, "SUSAR".publishes By Sida Hora Susar Aakala, Orissa, bhubaneswar.(1985).
  • Sikander Tamsoy, Raiman kudada,Dobro Buliuli. "Dupub-Dustoor meeyad-marshal".
  • Tiu, D.R. Soneya Kumar,."TURTUNG" by D.R. Soneya Kumar Tiu.
  • Kumar, Bajra Bihari,. "HINDI-HO DICTIONARY". by Bajra Bihari Kumar. Nagaland Bhasha Parishad, Kohima. 395 pages.
  • Uxbond,F.A., "Munda-Magyar-Maori". by F.A.Uxbond.london lUZAC & CO. 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET.(1928).
  • Hasan, Amir, " Kols Of Patta" by Amir Hasan(I.A.S).
  • P.Ponette, S.J., "THE MUNDA WORLD". By FR J.B.HOFFMANN, S.J.(1978)Catholic Press Ranchi.
  • Deeney, J. J. (1978). Ho-English Dictionary. Chaibassa: Xavier Ho Publications.
  • Anderson, Gregory D. S., Toshiki Osada and K. David Harrison. "Ho and the other Kherwarian Languages" In Gregory Anderson (ed.) Munda Languages. (2008). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6
  • Bodra, Ghanshyam 'Sakinj'., "UNKURU" a book for beginners" ( a selected book to promote Education in Adivasi HO Language and in WARANG KSHITI script.) 3rd eddition.

External links[edit]

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