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الأفعال المجردة والمزيدة في ديوان بهاء الدّين زهير(656ت)، دراسة صرفية دلالية
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2024-10-28) هيفاء يونس موسى الشريف
تمتازُ الدراسة الصّرفية بدقتها، فدارِسُها يتوخى الحذر عند الخوض في غمارها ، ومن هنا فعلم الصرف لم ينلْ ما ناله قرينُه علم النَّحو منْ عناية الدارسين، إذْ إنَّ المكتبةَ العربيةَ غنيةٌ بالمعاجمِ اللُّغويةِ الّتي عُنيتْ بتفسير المفردات.وتوضيح معانيها، أما بِنْيةُ الكلمةِ الصَّرفيةِ ودلالاتُها، فلمْ تحظَ بما حظيتْ به قرينتُها اللُّغوية.
تتمحورُ الدِّراسةُ حولَ دلالةِ أبنيةِ الأفعال المجردة والمزيدةِ، في ديوانِ " البهاء زهير " دراسة نظرية _تطبيقية" وقد وقوفتُ فيهاعلى دلالة أبنية الأفعال المجردة الثلاثية والرباعيةِ ،وكذلك على أبنيةِ الأفعال الثلاثيةِ المزيدةِ والرباعيةِ المزيدة، من حيث تعريفُها وصياغتُها ونماذجُها المختلفة، وما طرأَ عليها من تغيراتٍ على معانيها بعد دخول أحرف الزيادة .
والدراسةُ لم تقفْ عند الأبنيةِ الصَّرفية؛ بل سَعتْ إلى بيانِ دلالتها وطبيعةِ التراكيب اللُّغويةِ معتمدةً في ذلك على النَّظرِ في بِنية المفردةِ في بيت الشِّعر، وطبيعةِ نظم المفرداتِ في التراكيبِ، والنَّظرِ في المعنى السِّياقي القريبِ والبعيدِ، وذلك من أجل إلقاء الضَّوء على بعضٍ من دلالةِ المفردات.
وقد تناولَ البحثُ بعد ذلك" الفعلَ اللازمَ والمتعدي" لما لهما من أهمية في الدِّراسات النَّحوية والصَّرفية في اللغة، لما لهما من حظٍ وافرٍ من اهتمامِ العلماءِ في ميدانِ النَّحو والصَّرف، إذْ بحثُوا في كيفيةِ عمَلِهما، وأسبابِ تعديةِ الفعلِ من باب اللزومِ إلى التَّعدي، وذكرِ أنواعِ التَّعدي ، وإلى جانب ذلك فقد اعتنت الدراسة بمفهومين آخرين لا يقلان أهميةً عنهما. ألا وهما المنصوبُ على نزع الخافض والتَّضمين.
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QUINOLONE RESISTANCE AMONG ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE BACTERIA ISOLATED AT RAFIDIA AND AN-NAJAH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS IN NABLUS DISTRICT: PROSPECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
(An-Najah National University, 2024-10-24) Khatatbeh, Marah
Background: Among several bacterial genera, quinolone resistance has become more
prevalent in recent years. This was clear among common nosocomial pathogens such as
Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. While quinolones are a valuable part of the
current antimicrobial treatment options, growing quinolone resistance poses a threat to
their continued efficacy.
Objectives: First, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of resistance of E. coli
and K. pneumoniae to quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) at two
major hospitals in Nablus District, Rafidia and An-Najah National University Hospital.
Second, the association of resistance to these antibiotics with various demographic and
clinical findings was examined. Third, mechanisms of quinolone resistance among E.
coli and K. pneumoniae were determined through resistance gene detection by PCR.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was selected. A total of 219 bacterial
isolates (169 isolates of E. coli and 50 isolates of K. pneumoniae) were collected from
the first of June 2023 to the last day of September 2023, from all patients infected with
those bacterial species. The included bacteria in this study were isolated from patients
admitted to the two mentioned Hospitals during the study period. Types of bacteria were
already identified by the VITEK 2 system (BioMérieux) in the two mentioned hospitals.
Resistance of the included bacteria to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was determined by
the disk diffusion method. In addition, multiplex PCR was used for detection of
resistant genes in order to determine quinolone resistance mechanisms among 118
resistant strains. The detected mechanisms and genes were target modification (qnrA,
qnrB, and qnrS genes), enzymatic modification (aac(6’)-Ib-cr gene), and efflux pump
mechanism (QepA, OqxA, and OqxB genes). Association of quinolone resistance with
clinical symptoms, demographic information, and other risk factors were evaluated.
Results: Relatively high frequencies of ciprofloxacin resistance (46.1%) and
levofloxacin resistance (47.9%) were found among E. coli isolates. Higher resistance
frequency of ciprofloxacin (70%) and levofloxacin (68%) among K. pneumoniae
isolates were detected. Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae ciprofloxacin resistant
bacteria isolated at An-Najah National University Hospital (60% and 92.9%,
respectively) were significantly higher (P= 0.000 and P= 0.001, respectively) than that
of the isolates obtained from Rafidia Hospital (37.3% and 40.9%, respectively).
Ciprofloxacin resistance among E. coli isolated from the general surgery unit was
significantly higher than that of the emergency ward (54.5%; P=0.002) and the
outpatients (36.9%; P= 0.016). However, E. coli levofloxacin resistance frequency in
the intensive care unit was significantly higher than that of the outpatients (49.2%;
P=0.018), emergency (45.5%; P=0.022), and general surgery (42.9%; P=0.037).
Escherichia coli isolation rate from urine (80%) was significantly higher than that of
wound swabs (76.3%; P=0.013). Furthermore, K. pneumoniae isolation rate from urine
(20%) was significantly higher than that of wound swabs (23.7%; P=0.036).
Escherichia coli ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly higher (P=0.008) in male
isolates (53.6%) than in female isolates (36.3%). Escherichia coli isolated from patients
over 65 years of age had the highest levofloxacin resistance frequency (62.5%), which
was also significantly (P= 0.007) higher than that of the 40–65-year age group.
Escherichia coli ciprofloxacin resistant bacterium isolated from patients with urinary
catheters (91.7%) had a significantly higher frequency than that of hypertension patients
(85.5%; P=0.013), diabetes mellitus patients (84.8%; P=0.017), cancer patients (81.9%;
P=0.022), and hepatic cirrhosis patients (64.1%; P=0.028). However, K. pneumoniae
ciprofloxacin resistant bacterium isolated from hepatic cirrhosis patients (77.8%) had a
significantly higher frequency than that of hypertension patients (65.2%; P=0.003),
cancer patients (61.9%; P=0.019), and diabetes mellitus patients (58.9%; P=0.032).
Frequency of levofloxacin resistant E. coli isolated from diabetes mellitus patients
(89.1%) was significantly higher than that of hypertension patients (76.3%; P=0.013),
cancer patients (73.6%; P=0.016), patient with the urinary catheter (77.8%; P=0.021),
and hepatic cirrhosis patients (51.3%; P=0.028). On the other hand, levofloxacin
resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from diabetes mellitus patients (71.8%) had a
significantly higher frequency than that of hypertension patients (56.5%; P=0.009),
cancer patients (52.4%; P=0.016), hepatic cirrhosis patients (59.3%; P=0.023), and
patient with the urinary catheter (48%; P=0.031). With respect to the quinolone
resistance mechanisms, the efflux pump among E. coli isolates was the most
predominant (43.3%) with OqxA (23.5%) being the most common gene, followed by
enzymatic modification by Aac(6’)-Ib-cr enzyme (29.6%) and target modification
mechanism (26%) in which the QnrS gene was the most common (13.6%). Similarly,
the efflux pump mechanism of quinolones resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates
was also the most common (37.8%) with the OqxA gene exhibiting the highest
frequency (27%), followed by enzymatic modification by Aac(6’)-Ib-cr enzyme
(32.4%) and target modification mechanism (29.7%) with QnrS and QnrB being the
most commonly detected genes (10.8%).
Conclusion: Our findings showed high rates of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin
resistance among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, also a high percentage of the
efflux pump mechanism with OqxA being the most common gene, followed by
enzymatic modification by Aac(6’)-Ib-cr enzyme and target modification mechanism in
which the QnrS gene was the most common. We emphasize that it is necessary to
perform an antibiotic susceptibility test before choosing a prescription. Monitoring the
rates of resistance in the nations clinical facilities should be a greater priority for the
relevant government health departments.
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY PROGRAM IN REDUCING SYMPTOMS AND IMPROVING SOCIAL SKILLS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
(An-Najah National University, 2024-09-02) Abu Snineh, Suhiab
Background: According to the DSM-5, schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder marked by a disconnect between reality and mind, jumbled thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behavior. It is a grave psychiatric ailment that hampers normal thinking and behavior, significantly affecting both the individual and those around them.
Previous research has demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral treatment improves social skills and reduces both positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, this study attempted to explore the role of cognitive behavioral therapy in strengthening social skills and reducing symptoms in people with schizophrenia.
Method: The study follows a quasi-experimental research approach. The study involved 16 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, all of whom are Palestinian Arabs residing in occupied Jerusalem and receiving care at the Nathan Center for Mental Health. The researcher utilized the Schizophrenia Social Skills Scale and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale to evaluate the enhancement of social skills and reduction of symptoms in these patients.
Results: Among Palestinian patients in Jerusalem diagnosed with schizophrenia, at the Nathan Center for Mental Health, the study revealed a moderate level of schizophrenia symptoms alongside a moderate level of social skills. Despite undergoing Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Program (CBTP) treatments, the experimental group did not experience significant improvements in social skills or reduction of schizophrenia symptoms. Notably, the CBTP did lead to improved emotional control among schizophrenic patients in the experimental group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The study investigates whether there is an effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment in reducing symptoms and enhancing social skills in patients with schizophrenia. Before starting its implementation, the study emphasizes the importance of educating therapists about treatment techniques and raising general awareness among patients targeted in the treatment program on the importance of psychotherapy in preventing and treating mental health issues.
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NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR FREDHOLM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
(An-Najah National University, 2024-09-08) Khalaf, Faten
The integral Fredholm-Hammerstein integral equation has many applications in various areas of mathematical physics, including heat transfer problems fluid dynamics and quantum mechanics .
In this thesis, we focus on the numerical treatment of the Fredholm-Hammerstein equations using the Galerkin method and the shifted Chebyshev Polynomial method.
To test the efficiency and the accuracy of this method, one numerical example with known exact solution is presented. Numerical results show that the conveyance of this method is in good agreement with the exact solution. Moreover, we conclude that the in Galerkin method and shifted Chebyshev method provides very accurate results.
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علاقة القيادة الأخلاقية لدى مديري المدارس الحكومية بالرضا الوظيفي للمعلمين في محافظة طولكرم من وجهة نظر المعلمين
(جامعة النجاح الوطنية, 2024-10-01) دعاء عماد حجازي
هدفت الدراسة إلى الكشف عن العلاقة بين القيادة الأخلاقية لدى مديري المدارس الحكومية والرضا الوظيفي للمعلمين في محافظة طولكرم من وجهة نظر المعلمين، واستخدم المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، من خلال عمل استبانة وتوزيعها على عينة من مجتمع الدراسة المكون من جميع معلمي المدارس الحكومية في محافظة طولكرم والبالغ عددهم (2326) معلماً ومعلمة اختير منهم عينة بلغت (307) معلماً ومعلمة من المعلمين في المدارس الحكومية في محافظة طولكرم، اختيروا بالطريقة العشوائية البسيطة، أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مستوى القيادة الأخلاقية لدى مديري المدارس ككل بلغ (3.87) وبنسبة مئوية (77.4%) وبتقدير مرتفع، وأن مستوى الرضا الوظيفي للمعلمين ككل بلغ (3.71) وبنسبة مئوية (74.2%) وبتقدير مرتفع، كم بينت النتائج عدم وجود فروق في القيادة الأخلاقية ومجالاتها لدى مديري المدارس الحكومية تعزى إلى متغير الجنس، بينما جاءت الفروق دالة على مجال العلاقات الإنسانية إذ جاءت لصالح الذكور؛ ووجود فروق في القيادة الأخلاقية ومجالاتها باستثناء مجال: (العلاقات الإنسانية) تعزى إلى متغير المؤهل العلمي، إذ جاءت الفروق لصالح مؤهل ماجستير فأعلى، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبة بين القيادة الأخلاقية والرضا الوظيفي للمعلمين وهذا يعني أنه كلما زادت ممارسات القيادة الأخلاقية من قبل مديري المدارس، زاد مستوى الرضا الوظيفي لدى المعلمين، حيث تُشير هذه العلاقة إلى أن القادة الذين يتبعون أساليب قيادية قائمة على النزاهة والعدالة والشفافية يُسهمون في تعزيز مشاعر الرضا والارتياح لدى المعلمين، مما يُحسن من الأداء المهني ويزيد من الالتزام بالعمل.
وفي ضوء نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها انبثقت عنها توصيات عدّة، أهمّها: العمل على تعزيز القيادة الأخلاقية، من خلال تبني فلسفة إدارية وأساليب تنظيمية تدعم تطبيق مبادئ وأبعاد القيادة الأخلاقية، مما ينعكس إيجاباً على مستوى الرضا الوظيفي لمعلمي المدارس الحكومية.