Renal and vascular insulin resistance results in pathophysiological alterations including sodium retention, renal gluconeogenesis and podocyte dysfunction. Here, the authors discuss the mechanisms and effects of insulin resistance in the kidney and vasculature as well as therapeutic approaches to improve insulin sensitivity.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder. In this Primer, Pelletier and colleagues provide an update on the progress made in the field of OA epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention, disease management and quality of life.

A mouse study reveals that acetylcholine signalling networks have a role in the regulation of body weight homeostasis, with increased activity of cholinergic neurons decreasing food consumption through downstream hypothalamic targets.

AgRP neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus promote homeostatic feeding yet are rapidly suppressed by food-related sensory cues. The authors identify a population of inhibitory DMH-LepR neurons that relays real-time information about the nature and availability of food to dynamically modulate ARC-AgRP neuron activity and feeding behavior.