Portal:Montenegro
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Introduction
Montenegro (/ˌmɒntɪˈneɪɡroʊ, 
listen); Montenegrin: Црна Гора / Crna Gora [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra]) is a country in Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea. It borders Bosnia and Herzegovina to the north; Serbia and the disputed country of Kosovo to the east, Albania to the south and Croatia to the west. Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 678,901, most of whom are Orthodox Christians. Its capital Podgorica is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country. Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital.
During the Early Medieval period, three Serb principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and Rascia proper, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. The independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries, ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421, and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498, when the name Montenegro started being used for the country. After falling under Ottoman rule, Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš, first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops, before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852. Montenegro's de jure independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, following the Montenegrin–Ottoman War. In 1905, the country became a kingdom. After World War I, it became part of Yugoslavia. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro together established a federation known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was renamed State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. On the basis of an independence referendum held in May 2006, Montenegro declared independence and the federation peacefully dissolved on 3 June of that year.
Selected general articles
The Vilayet of the Black Mountain (or Montenegro Vilayet) was an Ottoman administrative unit within the Sanjak of Scutari, consisting of parts of modern-day Montenegro. It was established in the 16th century and existed until 1696. Although claimed by the Ottomans, the area was de facto independent with the Montenegrin tribes, with the support of the Eparchy of Cetinje, constantly waging wars against Turks. Read more...
The Montenegrin Air Force (Montenegrin: Vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana - V i PVO) is the air arm of the Military of Montenegro. The aircraft marking of the Montenegrin Air Force consist of a red-on-gold roundel, currently being the sole air arm using the latter colour in its official insignia. Read more...
The Prime Minister of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Premijer Crne Gore) (Premier of Montenegro), is the head of the Government of Montenegro. The role of the Prime Minister is to direct the work of the Government, and to submit to the Parliament the Government's Program, including a list of proposed ministers. The resignation of the Prime Minister will cause the fall of the Government.
The current Prime Minister, Duško Marković, member of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, was appointed by President Filip Vujanović on 28 November 2016. Read more...
Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Србија и Црна Гора, СЦГ / Srbija i Crna Gora, SCG), officially the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна Заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora), also known as Yugoslavia before 2003, was a country in Southeast Europe, created from the two remaining federal republics of Yugoslavia after its breakup in 1992. The republics of Serbia and Montenegro together established a federation in 1992 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FR Yugoslavia or FRY; Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija),.
For the first several years of its existence, the state aspired to be recognized as the sole legal successor to Yugoslavia, but those claims were opposed by other former constituent republics. The United Nations also denied its request to take up Yugoslavia's membership. Eventually, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević from power as president of the federation in 2000, the country rescinded those aspirations and accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession. It re-applied for UN membership on 27 October and was admitted on 1 November 2000. Read more...
This is a list of cities and towns with over 10,000 inhabitants (or lower if the municipality has over 20,000 inhabitants) in Montenegro. For the full list of populated places, see List of populated places in Montenegro. Read more...- The current Constitution of Montenegro was ratified and adopted by the Constitutional Parliament of Montenegro on 19 October 2007 on an extraordinary session by achieving the required two-thirds supermajority of votes. The Constitution was officially proclaimed as the Constitution of Montenegro on 22 October 2007. This Constitution replaced the Constitution of 1992. Read more...
The President of the Parliament of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Predsjednik Skupštine Crne Gore / Предсједник Скупштине Црне Горе) is the presiding officer of the Parliament of Montenegro. The President's term lasts four years, and is elected by members of each new assembly.
The President of the Parliament serves as acting President of Montenegro if the elected President vacates the office before the expiration of the 5-year presidential term due to death, resignation or removal from office. Read more...
The regions of Montenegro are defined, as of 2011, by the Montenegrin Regional Development Law (Zakon o regionalnom razvoju). The regions, as defined by law, roughly correspond to the informal and colloquial division of Montenegro, often used by the Montenegrin media and citizens.
Regions are not administrative divisions per se; they are used for statistical and analytical purposes, to help create the outline for more uniform economic development of Montenegro. This official definition of the regions of Montenegro is one of many definitions that are in everyday use in the country. However, this division into three regions is most widespread: Read more...- The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area, and counts about 340 million citizens . The euro is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar. The euro is subdivided into 100 cents.
The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union, by four European microstates that are not EU members, as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo. Outside Europe, a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, 240 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro. Read more...
An independence referendum was held in Montenegro on 21 May 2006. It was approved by 55.5% of voters, narrowly passing the 55% threshold. By 23 May, preliminary referendum results were recognized by all five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, suggesting widespread international recognition if Montenegro were to become formally independent. On 31 May, the referendum commission officially confirmed the results of the referendum, verifying that 55.5% of the population of Montenegrin voters had voted in favor of independence. Because voters met the controversial threshold requirement of 55% approval set by the European Union, the referendum was incorporated into a declaration of independence during a special parliamentary session on 31 May. The Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro made a formal Declaration of Independence on Saturday 3 June.
In response to the announcement, the government of Serbia declared itself the legal and political successor of Serbia and Montenegro, and that the government and parliament of Serbia itself would soon adopt a new constitution. The European Union, the United States, the People's Republic of China, and the Russian Federation all expressed their intentions to respect the referendum results. Read more...
A view of the capital Podgorica.
Crime in Montenegro is combated by the Montenegro Police and other agencies. Read more...- The following is a list of prominent individuals who are or were Montenegrin citizens or of Montenegrin ancestry. Read more...
The Montenegrin Navy (Montenegrin: Mornarica Vojske Crne Gore) is a branch of the Military of Montenegro.
The Montenegrin Navy was established in 2006 following the secession of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Nearly all of the navy's equipment was inherited from the armed forces of the State Union - as Montenegro contained the entire coastline of the former union, it retained practically the entire naval force. Read more...
The Kingdom of Montenegro (Serbian: Краљевина Црнa Горa / Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous years on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Legally it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutist in practice. On 28 November 1918, following the end of World War I, with the Montenegrin government still in exile, the Podgorica Assembly proclaimed unification with the Kingdom of Serbia which itself was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes three days later, on 1 December 1918. Read more...- === Humanism and renaissance=== Read more...
- The media of Montenegro refers to mass media outlets based in Montenegro. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Montenegro guarantees freedom of speech.
As a country in transition, Montenegro's media system is under transformation. Read more...
The Italian governorate of Montenegro (Italian: Governatorato del Montenegro) existed from October 1941 to September 1943 as an occupied territory under military government of Fascist Italy during World War II. Although the Italians had intended to establish a quasi-independent Montenegrin kingdom, these plans were permanently shelved after a popular uprising in July 1941. Following the Italian surrender in September 1943, the territory of Montenegro was occupied by German forces which withdrew in December 1944. Read more...
The Sanjak of Montenegro (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Санџак Црне Горе/Sandžak Crne Gore; Turkish: Karadağ Sancağı, literally Sanjak of the Black Mountain) was a province (sanjak) of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Peninsula roughly corresponding to modern Montenegro. It was created in 1514 from the borders of the former Zeta, ruled by the Crnojevići, which had earlier been organized into the Sanjak of Scutari in 1499. Read more...
Montenegrin cuisine is a result of Montenegro's geographic position and its long history. Read more...
The Principality of Montenegro (Serbian: Књажевина Црнa Горa/Knjaževina Crna Gora) was a former realm in Southeastern Europe that existed from 13 March 1852 to 28 August 1910. It was then proclaimed a kingdom by Nikola I, who then became king.
The capital was Cetinje and the Montenegrin perper was used as state currency from 1906. The territory corresponded to the central area of modern Montenegro. It was a constitutional monarchy, but de facto absolutist. Read more...- The Government of Montenegro established a national honours system consisting of orders, decorations, and medals approximately a year after the independence of Montenegro in 2006.
The President of Montenegro is the titular head of the national honours system and decrees and invests each honoree on the advice and approval of the Government of Montenegro. Read more...
Praevalitana (also Prevalitana, Prevaliana, Praevaliana or Prevalis) was a Late Roman province that existed between c. 284 and c. 600. It included parts of present-day Montenegro, northern Albania, and southwestern Serbia. Its capital city was Scodra. Read more...
Clockwise from top left: Ante Pavelić visits Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, Stjepan Filipović hanged by the occupation forces, Draža Mihailović confers with his troops, a group of Chetniks with German soldiers in a village in Serbia, Josip Broz Tito with members of the British mission
Military operations in World War II in Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned between Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and client regimes. Subsequently, a guerrilla liberation war was fought against the Axis occupying forces and their locally established puppet regimes, including the Independent State of Croatia and the Serbian Government of National Salvation, by the Communist-led republican Yugoslav Partisans. Simultaneously, a multi-side civil war was waged between the Yugoslav communist Partisans, the Serbian royalist Chetniks, Croatian fascist Ustashe and Home Guard, Serbian Volunteer Corps and State Guard, as well as Slovene Home Guard troops.
Both the Yugoslav Partisans and the Chetnik movement initially resisted the occupation. However, after 1941, Chetniks extensively and systematically collaborated with the Italian occupation forces until the Italian capitulation, and thereon also with German and Ustashe forces. The Axis mounted a series of offensives intended to destroy the Partisans, coming close to doing so in the Battle of Neretva and Battle of Sutjeska in the spring and summer of 1943. Read more...- Montenegrin literature is the literature written in the South Slavic country of Montenegro, mainly in Serbian language. Read more...
- This article is about the demographic features of the population of Montenegro, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Read more...
The President of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Predsjednik Crne Gore, Predśednik Crne Gore, Предсједник Црне Горе) is the head of state of Montenegro. The current president is Milo Đukanović, who was elected in the first round of the 2018 presidential election with 53.90% of the vote. The official residence of the President is the Blue Palace located in the former royal capital Cetinje. Read more...
The German occupied territory of Montenegro was the area of the Italian governorate of Montenegro occupied by German forces in September 1943, after the Armistice of Cassibile; in which the Kingdom of Italy capitulated and joined the Allies. Italian forces retreated from the governorate, and from neighbouring Albania. German forces occupied Montenegro, along with Albania, and the territory remained under German occupation until December 1944, during which the Germans and their local collaborators fought against the Yugoslav Partisans. After the Germans withdrew from Montenegro, the fascist leader Sekula Drljević, attempted to create a government-in-exile in the neighbouring Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which was a German quasi-protectorate. Drljević also created the Montenegrin People's Army, a military force set up by him and the Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić. However, his government-in-exile, the Montenegrin State Council, was dissolved after the fall of the NDH government. Montenegro was later taken over by the Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Tito, and became part of the new Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. Read more...- This article lists the Presidents of Montenegro.
The list includes the heads of state of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, a constituent country of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and heads of state of the Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006), a constituent country of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Prior to 1974, Montenegro's head of state was the speaker of the Montenegrin parliament. Read more...
Montenegro has one official language, specified in the Constitution of 2007 as Montenegrin. At the 2011 census, 42% of the population declared Serbian to be their native language, while 37% declared it to be Montenegrin. Linguistically, they are the same language (different standardized varieties of Serbo-Croatian), but an incipient Montenegrin standard is in the process of being formulated.
Recognized minority languages are Albanian, Bosnian, and Croatian. As of 2017, Albanian is an official language of the municipalities of Podgorica, Ulcinj, Bar, Pljevlja, Rozaje and Tuzi.
Additionally, there are a few hundred Italians in Montenegro, concentrated in the Bay of Kotor (Cattaro). Read more...
The Parliament of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Skupština Crne Gore, Скупштина Црне Горе) is the unicameral legislature of Montenegro. The Parliament currently has 81 members, elected for a four-year term. Following the 2006 independence referendum, the Parliament declared and ratified the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006. The system of the house is proportional representation.
The current Speaker of the Parliament is Ivan Brajović (SD), while Deputy Speakers are Branimir Gvozdenović (DPS) and Genci Nimanbegu (FORCA). Opposition is awarded the remaining Deputy Speaker seat, which is currently vacant due to the ongoing boycott of 39 opposition MPs following the alleged electoral fraud which took place during the latest parliamentary election. Read more...- In a referendum on 21 May 2006, the people of Montenegro opted to leave the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. This was confirmed with a declaration of independence by the Montenegrin parliament on 3 June 2006. It simultaneously requested international recognition and outlined foreign policy goals.
As enumerated in the parliamentary declaration of 3 June 2006, Montenegro's near-term primary foreign policy objectives are integration into the European Union, membership in the United Nations, to which it was admitted on 28 June 2006 and in NATO. Read more... - Duklja (Greek: Διοκλεία, Diokleia; Latin: Dioclea; Serbian Cyrillic: Дукља) was a medieval Serb state which roughly encompassed the territories of present-day southeastern Montenegro, from the Bay of Kotor in the west to the Bojana river in the east, and to the sources of the Zeta and Morača rivers in the north. First mentioned in 10th– and 11th century Byzantine chronicles, it was a vassal of the Byzantine Empire until it became independent in 1040 under Stefan Vojislav (fl. 1034–43) who rose up and managed to take over territories of the earlier Serbian Principality, founding the Vojislavljević dynasty. Between 1043 and 1080, under Mihailo Vojislavljević (r. 1050–81), and his son, Constantine Bodin (r. 1081–1101), Duklja saw its apogee. Mihailo was given the nominal title King of Slavs by the Pope after having left the Byzantine camp and supported an uprising in the Balkans, in which his son Bodin played a central part. Having incorporated the Serbian hinterland (the core of the earlier Serbian Principality, known as Raška) and installed vassal rulers there, this maritime principality emerged as the most powerful Serb polity, seen in the titles used by its rulers ("Prince of Serbia", "of Serbs"). However, its rise was short-lived, as Bodin was defeated by the Byzantines and imprisoned; pushed to the background, his relative and vassal Vukan became independent in Raška, which continued the fight against the Byzantines while Duklja was struck with civil wars. Between 1113 and 1149 Duklja was the centre of Serbian–Byzantine conflict, with members of the Vojislavljević as protégés of either fighting each other for power. Duklja was then incorporated as a crown land of the Grand Principality of Serbia ruled by the Vukanović dynasty, subsequently known as Zeta, remaining so until the fall of the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. Read more...
Montenegrin Ground Army (Montenegrin: Kopnena vojska Crne Gore) is the primary component of Military of Montenegro. Read more...
The flag of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Застава Црне Горе / Zastava Crne Gore) was officially adopted with the Law on the state symbols and the statehood day of Montenegro on 13 July 2004 at the proposal of the government of Montenegro. It was constitutionally sanctioned with the proclamation of the Constitution on 22 October 2007. It is a red banner with broader golden edges all around the red field with the coat of arms of Montenegro in its center.
The Law on the state symbols and the statehood day of Montenegro reached full effect the day after its publication in the Official Gazette of Montenegro. The publication occurred 12 July 2004 and the legal power of the Law occurred the day after, on 13 July 2004 - the statehood day of Montenegro. Read more...
While Orthodox Christianity is the dominant form of religion in Montenegro, there are also sizable numbers of adherents of both Islam and Catholic Christianity. The dominant Church is the Serbian Orthodox Church although traces of a forming Montenegrin Orthodox Church are present. Read more...- Montenegro is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations.[citation needed] In 2007, over a million tourists visited Montenegro, making some 7.3 million overnight stays (23% increase, compared to 2006). This accounted for some 480 million euros in tourism revenue in 2007 (39% increase, compared to previous year). In 2015, tourism realised over 1.7 million arrivals, with a further increase in 2016. In the same year, the coastal town of Kotor was named the best city to visit by Lonely Planet, whereas the country itself is continuously included in touristic top lists. With a total of 1.8 million visitors in 2016, the nation became the 36th (out of 47 countries) most popular country to travel to in Europe. Montenegro was further visited by over 2 million tourists in 2017. The Government aims to attract greenfield investments, which should make best use of undeveloped parts of the coast, such as Jaz Beach, Velika Plaža, Ada Bojana and Buljarica. Such investments could potentially reshape the appeal of Montenegro to tourists, making it a highly competitive destination for sustainable quality tourism.
Montenegro can be presented as a destination offering a variety of attractions and all-year tourism is possible by publicising its varied features. Therefore, the Tourism Masterplan of Montenegro is also paving the way for a national development program for nature based tourism, especially hiking and biking, with new infrastructure and services. The realisation of a 3-year-program was started in 2007. Read more... - Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts (Montenegrin: Црногорска академија наука и умјетности, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti; ЦАНУ, CANU) is the most important scientific institution of Montenegro.
It was founded in 1973 as the Montenegrin Society for Science and Arts (Црногорско друштво за науку и умјетност, Crnogorsko društvo za nauku i umjetnost) and adopted its current name in 1976. It currently has 40 members (academicians) in three departments: natural sciences, humanities and arts. Read more...
The accession of Montenegro to NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (NATO) took place on 5 June 2017. In December 2009, Montenegro was granted a Membership Action Plan, the final step in an application for membership in the organization. A formal invitation was issued by the alliance on 2 December 2015, with accession negotiations concluded with the signature by the Foreign Ministers of an Accession Protocol on 19 May 2016. Montenegro officially joined NATO on 5 June 2017. Read more...- Telecommunications in Montenegro includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Read more...
- This is a list of islands of Montenegro. Montenegro's islands are relatively small and they are not as nearly as numerous as in neighbouring Croatia. They are divided in islands on Adriatic sea, and those on Skadar lake: Read more...
Education in Montenegro is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science of Government of Montenegro.
Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools (Montenegrin: Osnovna škola) at the age of 6 and it lasts for nine years. Read more...
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Montenegro may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Montenegro, but households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples.
Discrimination on the basis of both sexual orientation and gender identity is banned in employment, the provision of goods and services, education and health services. Montenegro also possesses hate crime and hate speech laws which include sexual orientation and gender identity as grounds of non-discrimination. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association has ranked Montenegro 23rd out of 49 European countries in terms of LGBT rights legislation. Despite this, Montenegrin society has yet to reach a high level of acceptance, and discrimination against LGBT people often goes unreported. Read more...
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Montenegro may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Montenegro, but households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples.
Discrimination on the basis of both sexual orientation and gender identity is banned in employment, the provision of goods and services, education and health services. Montenegro also possesses hate crime and hate speech laws which include sexual orientation and gender identity as grounds of non-discrimination. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association has ranked Montenegro 23rd out of 49 European countries in terms of LGBT rights legislation. Despite this, Montenegrin society has yet to reach a high level of acceptance, and discrimination against LGBT people often goes unreported. Read more...
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Selected images
Montenegro independence referendum in 2006, celebration in historical Royal capital Cetinje.
Municipalities of Montenegro.
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Ancient Roman city Doclea.
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Religious structure of Montenegro by settlements, 2011
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Our Lady of Philermos the patroness of Montenegro, Rhodes and Sovereign Military Order of Malta, one of the first Christian icons, according to legend painted by St. Luke, National Museum of Montenegro, Cetinje.
Podgorica City Stadium, Montenegro fans with national features.
Zla Kolata, highest point of Montenegro
Montenegro uses the Euro as its national currency.
Foods from Montenegro
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The Eurasian brown bear, a protected species in Montenegro.
Western Balkan Summit, Wien
Uprising in Montenegro 1944.
Battle of Vučji Do between Montenegrin and Ottoman Army
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Buljarica beach
Montenegrin refugees during Montenegrin–Turkish war
Royal family of Montenegro: King Nicholas I with his wife, sons, daughters, grandchildren and sons- and daughters-in-law
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Regions of Montenegro.
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Port of Bar is Montenegro's main sea port located in Bar.
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Roads of Montenegro in service and two planned: red – Bar–Boljare highway, blue – Adriatic–Ionian motorway
Tara Canyon, deepest canyon in Europe
Linguistic structure of Montenegro by settlements, 2011
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Captured ships of the Yugoslavian Navy, Bay of Kotor 1941.
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Mausoleum of Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, in Lovćen
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Predominant ethnic group in each municipality of Montenegro, 2011
The common bottlenose dolphin is often seen in the Bay of Kotor.
Doclea (town), Roman city and seat of the Late Roman province of Praevalitana
Kingdom of Duklja in the zenith of power, 1080 AD.
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Liberation of Montenegro from 1711 to 1918
Durmitor, Škrčko Lake
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Honorary Guard of the Army of Montenegro in the state protocol, Blue Palace residence of President of Montenegro in Cetinje.
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Milo Djukanovic poses with Secretary Kerry, NATO Secretary-General Stoltenberg and other alliance leaders after Montenegro's accession to the alliance, Brussels 2017.
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Satellite view of Montenegro
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, was a Prince-Bishop (vladika) of Montenegro and Montenegrin national poet and philosopher.
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