The title of the post is a copy and paste from the first paragraph of the linked academic press release here :
Purdue University researchers have 3D-printed cement paste, a key ingredient of the concrete and mortar used to build various elements of infrastructure, that gets tougher under pressure like the shells of arthropods such as lobsters and beetles. The technique could eventually contribute to more resilient structures during natural disasters.
Journal Reference:
Mohamadreza Moini, Jan Olek, Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Bryan Magee, Pablo D. Zavattieri. Additive Manufacturing and Performance of Architectured Cement-Based Materials.
Advanced Materials, 2018; 1802123
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802123
Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201802123
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in hierarchical design and additive manufacturing (AM) of cement‐based materials. However, the brittle behavior of these materials and the presence of interfaces from the AM process currently present a major challenge. Contrary to the commonly adopted approach in AM of cement‐based materials to eliminate the interfaces in 3D‐printed hardened cement paste (hcp) elements, this work focuses on harnessing the heterogeneous interfaces by employing novel architectures (based on bioinspired Bouligand structures). These architectures are found to generate unique damage mechanisms, which allow inherently brittle hcp materials to attain flaw‐tolerant properties and novel performance characteristics. It is hypothesized that combining heterogeneous interfaces with carefully designed architectures promotes such damage mechanisms as, among others, interfacial microcracking and crack twisting. This, in turn, leads to damage delocalization in brittle 3D‐printed architectured hcp and therefore results in quasi‐brittle behavior, enhanced fracture and damage tolerance, and unique load‐displacement response, all without sacrificing strength. It is further found that in addition to delocalization of the cracks, the Bouligand architectures can also enhance work of failure and inelastic deflection of the architectured hcp elements by over 50% when compared to traditionally cast elements from the same materials.
The title of the post is a copy and paste from the first paragraph of the linked academic press release here :
Purdue University researchers have 3D-printed cement paste, a key ingredient of the concrete and mortar used to build various elements of infrastructure, that gets tougher under pressure like the shells of arthropods such as lobsters and beetles. The technique could eventually contribute to more resilient structures during natural disasters.
Journal Reference:
Mohamadreza Moini, Jan Olek, Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Bryan Magee, Pablo D. Zavattieri. Additive Manufacturing and Performance of Architectured Cement-Based Materials.
Advanced Materials, 2018; 1802123
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802123
Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201802123
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in hierarchical design and additive manufacturing (AM) of cement‐based materials. However, the brittle behavior of these materials and the presence of interfaces from the AM process currently present a major challenge. Contrary to the commonly adopted approach in AM of cement‐based materials to eliminate the interfaces in 3D‐printed hardened cement paste (hcp) elements, this work focuses on harnessing the heterogeneous interfaces by employing novel architectures (based on bioinspired Bouligand structures). These architectures are found to generate unique damage mechanisms, which allow inherently brittle hcp materials to attain flaw‐tolerant properties and novel performance characteristics. It is hypothesized that combining heterogeneous interfaces with carefully designed architectures promotes such damage mechanisms as, among others, interfacial microcracking and crack twisting. This, in turn, leads to damage delocalization in brittle 3D‐printed architectured hcp and therefore results in quasi‐brittle behavior, enhanced fracture and damage tolerance, and unique load‐displacement response, all without sacrificing strength. It is further found that in addition to delocalization of the cracks, the Bouligand architectures can also enhance work of failure and inelastic deflection of the architectured hcp elements by over 50% when compared to traditionally cast elements from the same materials.
Journal Reference:
Mohamadreza Moini, Jan Olek, Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Bryan Magee, Pablo D. Zavattieri. Additive Manufacturing and Performance of Architectured Cement-Based Materials.
Advanced Materials, 2018; 1802123
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802123
Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201802123
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in hierarchical design and additive manufacturing (AM) of cement‐based materials. However, the brittle behavior of these materials and the presence of interfaces from the AM process currently present a major challenge. Contrary to the commonly adopted approach in AM of cement‐based materials to eliminate the interfaces in 3D‐printed hardened cement paste (hcp) elements, this work focuses on harnessing the heterogeneous interfaces by employing novel architectures (based on bioinspired Bouligand structures). These architectures are found to generate unique damage mechanisms, which allow inherently brittle hcp materials to attain flaw‐tolerant properties and novel performance characteristics. It is hypothesized that combining heterogeneous interfaces with carefully designed architectures promotes such damage mechanisms as, among others, interfacial microcracking and crack twisting. This, in turn, leads to damage delocalization in brittle 3D‐printed architectured hcp and therefore results in quasi‐brittle behavior, enhanced fracture and damage tolerance, and unique load‐displacement response, all without sacrificing strength. It is further found that in addition to delocalization of the cracks, the Bouligand architectures can also enhance work of failure and inelastic deflection of the architectured hcp elements by over 50% when compared to traditionally cast elements from the same materials.
The title of the post is a copy and paste from the title and subtitle of the linked academic press release here :
Is responding to online reviews always a good thing? New research sheds light on the downside of over-responsiveness
Managers who respond to online reviews are likely to stimulate negative online reviews.
Journal Reference:
Channels of Impact: User Reviews When Quality Is Dynamic and Managers Respond
Judith A. Chevalier, Yaniv Dover, and Dina Mayzlin
Marketing Science 2018
Doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2018.1090
Link: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mksc.2018.1090
Abstract
We examine the effect of managerial response on consumer voice in a dynamic quality environment. We argue that the consumer is motivated to write reviews not only because reviews may impact other consumers, but because reviews may impact the management and the quality of the service. We examine this empirically in a scenario in which reviewers receive a credible signal that the service provider is listening. Specifically, we examine the “managerial response” feature allowed by many review platforms. We hypothesize that managerial responses will stimulate reviewing activity and, in particular, will stimulate negative reviews that are seen as more impactful. This effect is further heightened because managers respond more and in more detail to negative reviews. Using a multiple-differences specification, we show that reviewing activity and particularly negative reviewing is indeed stimulated by managerial response. Our specification exploits comparison of the same hotel immediately before and after response initiation and compares a given hotel’s reviewing activity on sites with review response initiation to that on sites that do not allow managerial response. We also explore the mechanism behind the effect using an online experiment.
The title of the post is a copy and paste from the title, subtitle and second paragraph of the linked academic press release here :
It pays to be pessimistic, shows new research into entrepreneurs
A new study from our School of Management shows optimistic thinking is leading people to set up businesses that are doomed to fail.
Tracking individuals as they move from paid employment to setting up their own business venture, the study found that business owners with above average optimism earned some 30 per cent less than those with below average optimism.
Journal Reference:
Christopher Dawson, David de Meza, Andrew Henley, G. Reza Arabsheibani.
Curb Your Enthusiasm: Optimistic Entrepreneurs Earn Less.
European Economic Review, 2018;
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.08.007
Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292118301582?via%3Dihub
Abstract
This paper concerns the implications of biased beliefs on entrepreneurial earnings. Amongst self-employed business owners, income is decreasing in optimism measured whilst still an employee. Controlling for earnings in paid employment, self-employment earnings of those with optimism above the mean are some 30% less than those with optimism below the mean. For employees, it is optimists that have higher earnings. These and associated results suggest that mistaken expectations lead to entry errors. As a test of external validity, future divorcees turn out to be financial optimists, indicating our measure captures an intrinsic psychological trait associated with rash decisions.
The title of the post is a copy and paste from the title, subtitle and second paragraph of the linked academic press release here :
The immune system of the alpaca reveals a potential treatment for cancer
A study done at IRB Barcelona and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel identifies camelid nanobodies able to block EGF, a protein that is abundant in tumour cells and that helps them to proliferate.
The team of researchers is the first to identify a family of nanobodies—antibodies that are exclusive to camelids—derived from alpacas that are effective against EGF.
Journal Reference:
Salvador Guardiola, Monica Varese, Macarena Sánchez-Navarro, Cécile Vincke, Meritxell Teixidó, Jesús García, Serge Muyldermans, Ernest Giralt.
Blocking EGFR Activation with Anti-EGF Nanobodies via Two Distinct Molecular Recognition Mechanisms.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2018;
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807736
Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.201807736
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the overproduction of growth factors such as EGF. Despite the clinical success achieved by EGFR‐targeted therapies, their long‐term efficacy is compromised by the onset of drug‐resistant mutations. To address this issue, a family of camelid‐derived single‐domain antibodies (Nbs) were generated, obtaining the first direct EGF inhibitors that prevent EGFR phosphorylation and pathway activation through this new mechanism of action. The two best Nbs were subjected to a detailed investigation of their interaction mechanism that revealed important differences in their binding kinetics and equilibrium thermodynamics. These distinct behaviors at the biophysical level translate into an equally efficient inhibition of the cellular EGFR phosphorylation, thus proving the efficacy of these Nbs to turn off the initiation of this key oncogenic pathway in cancer cells.
The title of the post is a copy and paste from the title and first paragraph of the linked academic press release here :
Cervical cancer set to be eliminated from Australia in global first
Cervical cancer is set to become a rare disease in Australia within just two years and rendered so uncommon by 2028 it will be deemed eliminated as a public health problem for the first time anywhere in the world.
Journal Reference:
The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study
Michaela T Hall, MMath Kate T Simms, PhD Jie-Bin Lew, PhD Megan A Smith, PhD Julia ML Brotherton, PhD Marion Saville, MBChB et al.
The Lancet Public Health
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X
Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30183-X/fulltext
Summary
Background
In 2007, Australia was one of the first countries to introduce a national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme, and it has since achieved high vaccination coverage across both sexes. In December, 2017, organised cervical screening in Australia transitioned from cytology-based screening every 2 years for women aged from 18–20 years to 69 years, to primary HPV testing every 5 years for women aged 25–69 years and exit testing for women aged 70–74 years. We aimed to identify the earliest years in which the annual age-standardised incidence of cervical cancer in Australia (which is currently seven cases per 100 000 women) could decrease below two annual thresholds that could be considered to be potential elimination thresholds: a rare cancer threshold (six new cases per 100 000 women) or a lower threshold (four new cases per 100 000 women), since Australia is likely to be one of the first countries to reach these benchmarks.
Methods
In this modelling study, we used Policy1-Cervix—an extensively validated dynamic model of HPV vaccination, natural history, and cervical screening—to estimate the age-standardised incidence of cervical cancer in Australia from 2015 to 2100. We incorporated age-specific coverage of the Australian National HPV Vaccination Program in girls, including the catch-up programme, and the inclusion of boys into the vaccine programme from 2013, and a change from the quadrivalent to the nonavalent vaccine from 2018. We also modelled the effects of the transition to primary HPV screening. We considered two scenarios for future screening recommendations regarding the cohorts who will be and who have been offered the nonavalent vaccine: either that HPV screening every 5 years continues, or that no screening would be offered to these women.
Findings
We estimate that, in Australia, the age-standardised annual incidence of cervical cancer will decrease to fewer than six new cases per 100 000 women by 2020 (range 2018–22), and to fewer than four new cases per 100 000 women by 2028 (2021–35). The precise year of attaining these rates is dependent on the population used for age-standardisation, HPV screening behaviour and test characteristics, the incremental effects of vaccination of men on herd immunity in women, and assumptions about the future frequency of benign hysterectomies. By 2066 (2054–77), the annual incidence of cervical cancer will decrease and remain at fewer than one case per 100 000 women if screening for HPV every 5 years continues for cohorts who have been offered the nonavalent vaccine, or fewer than three cases per 100 000 women if these cohorts are not screened. Cervical cancer mortality is estimated to decrease to less than an age-standardised annual rate of one death per 100 000 women by 2034 (2025–47), even if future screening is only offered to older cohorts that were not offered the nonavalent vaccine.
Interpretation
If high-coverage vaccination and screening is maintained, at an elimination threshold of four new cases per 100 000 women annually, cervical cancer could be considered to be eliminated as a public health problem in Australia within the next 20 years. However, screening and vaccination initiatives would need to be maintained thereafter to maintain very low cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates.
The title of the post is a copy and paste from the title and first paragraph of the linked academic press release here :
Cervical cancer set to be eliminated from Australia in global first
Cervical cancer is set to become a rare disease in Australia within just two years and rendered so uncommon by 2028 it will be deemed eliminated as a public health problem for the first time anywhere in the world.
Journal Reference:
The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study
Michaela T Hall, MMath Kate T Simms, PhD Jie-Bin Lew, PhD Megan A Smith, PhD Julia ML Brotherton, PhD Marion Saville, MBChB et al.
The Lancet Public Health
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X
Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30183-X/fulltext
Summary
Background
In 2007, Australia was one of the first countries to introduce a national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme, and it has since achieved high vaccination coverage across both sexes. In December, 2017, organised cervical screening in Australia transitioned from cytology-based screening every 2 years for women aged from 18–20 years to 69 years, to primary HPV testing every 5 years for women aged 25–69 years and exit testing for women aged 70–74 years. We aimed to identify the earliest years in which the annual age-standardised incidence of cervical cancer in Australia (which is currently seven cases per 100 000 women) could decrease below two annual thresholds that could be considered to be potential elimination thresholds: a rare cancer threshold (six new cases per 100 000 women) or a lower threshold (four new cases per 100 000 women), since Australia is likely to be one of the first countries to reach these benchmarks.
Methods
In this modelling study, we used Policy1-Cervix—an extensively validated dynamic model of HPV vaccination, natural history, and cervical screening—to estimate the age-standardised incidence of cervical cancer in Australia from 2015 to 2100. We incorporated age-specific coverage of the Australian National HPV Vaccination Program in girls, including the catch-up programme, and the inclusion of boys into the vaccine programme from 2013, and a change from the quadrivalent to the nonavalent vaccine from 2018. We also modelled the effects of the transition to primary HPV screening. We considered two scenarios for future screening recommendations regarding the cohorts who will be and who have been offered the nonavalent vaccine: either that HPV screening every 5 years continues, or that no screening would be offered to these women.
Findings
We estimate that, in Australia, the age-standardised annual incidence of cervical cancer will decrease to fewer than six new cases per 100 000 women by 2020 (range 2018–22), and to fewer than four new cases per 100 000 women by 2028 (2021–35). The precise year of attaining these rates is dependent on the population used for age-standardisation, HPV screening behaviour and test characteristics, the incremental effects of vaccination of men on herd immunity in women, and assumptions about the future frequency of benign hysterectomies. By 2066 (2054–77), the annual incidence of cervical cancer will decrease and remain at fewer than one case per 100 000 women if screening for HPV every 5 years continues for cohorts who have been offered the nonavalent vaccine, or fewer than three cases per 100 000 women if these cohorts are not screened. Cervical cancer mortality is estimated to decrease to less than an age-standardised annual rate of one death per 100 000 women by 2034 (2025–47), even if future screening is only offered to older cohorts that were not offered the nonavalent vaccine.
Interpretation
If high-coverage vaccination and screening is maintained, at an elimination threshold of four new cases per 100 000 women annually, cervical cancer could be considered to be eliminated as a public health problem in Australia within the next 20 years. However, screening and vaccination initiatives would need to be maintained thereafter to maintain very low cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates.
The title of the post is a copy and paste from the title and first paragraph of the linked academic press release here :
Cervical cancer set to be eliminated from Australia in global first
Cervical cancer is set to become a rare disease in Australia within just two years and rendered so uncommon by 2028 it will be deemed eliminated as a public health problem for the first time anywhere in the world.
Journal Reference:
The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study
Michaela T Hall, MMath Kate T Simms, PhD Jie-Bin Lew, PhD Megan A Smith, PhD Julia ML Brotherton, PhD Marion Saville, MBChB et al.
The Lancet Public Health
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X
Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30183-X/fulltext
Summary
Background
In 2007, Australia was one of the first countries to introduce a national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme, and it has since achieved high vaccination coverage across both sexes. In December, 2017, organised cervical screening in Australia transitioned from cytology-based screening every 2 years for women aged from 18–20 years to 69 years, to primary HPV testing every 5 years for women aged 25–69 years and exit testing for women aged 70–74 years. We aimed to identify the earliest years in which the annual age-standardised incidence of cervical cancer in Australia (which is currently seven cases per 100 000 women) could decrease below two annual thresholds that could be considered to be potential elimination thresholds: a rare cancer threshold (six new cases per 100 000 women) or a lower threshold (four new cases per 100 000 women), since Australia is likely to be one of the first countries to reach these benchmarks.
Methods
In this modelling study, we used Policy1-Cervix—an extensively validated dynamic model of HPV vaccination, natural history, and cervical screening—to estimate the age-standardised incidence of cervical cancer in Australia from 2015 to 2100. We incorporated age-specific coverage of the Australian National HPV Vaccination Program in girls, including the catch-up programme, and the inclusion of boys into the vaccine programme from 2013, and a change from the quadrivalent to the nonavalent vaccine from 2018. We also modelled the effects of the transition to primary HPV screening. We considered two scenarios for future screening recommendations regarding the cohorts who will be and who have been offered the nonavalent vaccine: either that HPV screening every 5 years continues, or that no screening would be offered to these women.
Findings
We estimate that, in Australia, the age-standardised annual incidence of cervical cancer will decrease to fewer than six new cases per 100 000 women by 2020 (range 2018–22), and to fewer than four new cases per 100 000 women by 2028 (2021–35). The precise year of attaining these rates is dependent on the population used for age-standardisation, HPV screening behaviour and test characteristics, the incremental effects of vaccination of men on herd immunity in women, and assumptions about the future frequency of benign hysterectomies. By 2066 (2054–77), the annual incidence of cervical cancer will decrease and remain at fewer than one case per 100 000 women if screening for HPV every 5 years continues for cohorts who have been offered the nonavalent vaccine, or fewer than three cases per 100 000 women if these cohorts are not screened. Cervical cancer mortality is estimated to decrease to less than an age-standardised annual rate of one death per 100 000 women by 2034 (2025–47), even if future screening is only offered to older cohorts that were not offered the nonavalent vaccine.
Interpretation
If high-coverage vaccination and screening is maintained, at an elimination threshold of four new cases per 100 000 women annually, cervical cancer could be considered to be eliminated as a public health problem in Australia within the next 20 years. However, screening and vaccination initiatives would need to be maintained thereafter to maintain very low cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates.
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