Mali Empire didn't have roads, written language, or two-story buildings by pollandballer in badhistory

[–]400-Rabbits 51 points52 points  (0 children)

Apologies to whomever I stole this from:

Douglas Adams: There is an art to flying, or rather a knack. The knack lies in learning how to throw yourself at the ground and miss

AskHistorians Podcast 081 - Iphikrates and His Reforms by 400-Rabbits in ancientgreece

[–]400-Rabbits[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

We explore the life and legacy of the Classical Greek general, Iphikrates with AskHistorians user /u/Iphikrates. Famous for his use of light troops and for military reforms related to those troops, we trace the surviving evidence of Iphikrate's life and career to investigate the timing, scope, and even existence of those reforms. Along the way, the conversation touches upon the Athenian socio-political system of the time, the non-hoplite parts of Greek warfare, and a tantalizing connection between Iphikrates and Alexander the Great. (71min)

Discussion Post

AskHistorians Podcast 081 - Iphikrates and His Reforms by 400-Rabbits in AskHistorians

[–]400-Rabbits[S] 8 points9 points  (0 children)

This month's winner of the book giveaway is... Mark Katerberg! The selection of books we have available this month are:

Want a chance to get a free book? Help support the podcast via Patreon!

AskHistorians Podcast 081 - Iphikrates and His Reforms by 400-Rabbits in AskHistorians

[–]400-Rabbits[S] 5 points6 points  (0 children)

Special thanks to Eric Hacke, Will Raybould, Bill Rubin, Elm, Jonathan Wallace, Charles-Eric Lemelin, Mark Katerberg, William Ryan, Stuart Gorman, Daniel Schmidt, Rodney Norris, Alex Gidumal, Michael Moore, Collum Milne, Miles Stapleton, Grant Taylor, Vlad, and Max M. for their generous support of the podcast through the AskHistorians Patreon. And thanks to all our new supporters as well!

And a big big thanks to /u/iphikrates for his bonanza of Classical aptitude!

The crazy origins of the word 'turkey' (the bird) in various European languages [OC] [2220 x 1562] (x-post /r/mapporn) by Virble in etymologymaps

[–]400-Rabbits 5 points6 points  (0 children)

Just for the record, and to show how bonkers the various European etymologies for turkey is, the Nahuatl term for a turkey is totolin.

TIL the Inca Empire existed for only 95 years. by BetaKeyTakeaway in todayilearned

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

No political integration, in fact, very little known about the political structures of Olmec polities. But certainly no overarching authority to suggest either a connotative or denotative empire.

As for "civilization" and "society," I feel you're using the terms in a somewhat arbitrary way. I'm sure you have some sort of rigid definitions that spur you to make a distinction between the two, but it's not particularly a point I feel is worth arguing over.

TIL the Inca Empire existed for only 95 years. by BetaKeyTakeaway in todayilearned

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

No, that's not how Mexica is defined at all. We can see very clearly in the histories that various Nahua people wrote about themselves a distinction made very early on, and well before the founding of Tenochtitlan, between various Nahua groups within and around the Valley of Mexico.

The Mexica had their own origin/sojourn myth, their own ethnic history, their own religious customs, their own patron deity, etc. A Tepanec and a Mexica may have both been Nahua, but a Mexica was not a Tepanec and vice versa.

TIL the Inca Empire existed for only 95 years. by BetaKeyTakeaway in todayilearned

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

There's no such thing as an Olmec Empire. And what kind of distinction are you making between "civilizations" and "societies?"

TIL the Inca Empire existed for only 95 years. by BetaKeyTakeaway in todayilearned

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Given a few more decades the Tarascan state might have destroyed the probably overextended Aztec empire.

Maybe, but probably not. At the time of Cortes' landing, the Aztecs had established a fortified border with the Tarascans, which neither seemed interested in transgressing. For the Tarascans, they lacked the sheer manpower that the Aztecs were able to muster from the Valley of Mexico. For the Aztecs, they were still burned by the trouncing Axayacatl suffered when he led an army into Tarascan territory, and well past areas where he had good intelligence or support.

I also challenge the idea that the Aztecs were "over-extended," or getting that way. The beauty of the hegemonic state of the Aztecs was that the core Aztec cities prospered whether their subject cities were paying tribute or in revolt. If it was business as usual, good. The only overhead of the Aztecs was to send some stewards/tax collectors (calpixque) to make sure things stayed that way. If there was rebellion, send in the army to smash things up, then enact greater tribute, then come home with new captives and slaves.

In fact, if we look at the military campaigns of Motecuhzoma II, he was focused on the Oaxaca/Guerrero region, which was essentially "filling in the gaps" left by the wider flung conquest of his successor, Ahuizotl. At the same time, we see less evidence of rebellions and revolts closer into the Aztec core areas.

TIL the Inca Empire existed for only 95 years. by BetaKeyTakeaway in todayilearned

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

"Nahua" is a blanket term that encompasses a broad swathe of people, basically all the Nahuatl speaking groups of Central Mexico. Within that broad ethnicity, they recognized individuals groups of Nahua people like the Chalca, Tlahuica, Culhua, etc. The Mexica absolutely had their own ethnic identity within the Nahua umbrella prior to founding Tenochtitlan, something they did not even do until after living in the Valley of Mexico for decades.

TIL the Inca Empire existed for only 95 years. by BetaKeyTakeaway in todayilearned

[–]400-Rabbits 1 point2 points  (0 children)

The Mexica come into the light of history, so to speak, around the 13th century as part of the tail end of a much larger migration of people out of north-central Mexico (Chichimeca). They bounced around the (already heavily settled) Valley of Mexico for a while basically as vagabonds, with a couple very humiliating and bloody expulsions from Chapultepec and then from Culhuacan.

If we go further back, there's some increasingly mythological accounts of wandering before coming to the Valley of Mexico, ultimately leading back to the origin myth of emerging from Chicomoztoc, the seven caves of Aztlan. The commonality of the Aztlan myth among Nahua peoples is actually where we get the term "Aztec," which simply means "People from Aztlan."

Michael E. Smith has a good overview and comparison of the various Nahua origin accounts. Beekman and Christensen have a more recent paper where they make a good argument that the Mexica can trace their history back to the Bajio region, where settled groups of Nahuas and Otomis faced an increasingly arid climate and pressure from nomadic groups also dealing with the changing climate, ultimately leading to a period of semi-nomadism before eventually settling in the more fertile lands to the south.

TIL the Inca Empire existed for only 95 years. by BetaKeyTakeaway in todayilearned

[–]400-Rabbits 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Do it!

The episodes on Haitian Vodou and 20th Century Popular Music are some of my top picks, but if you have time for the two-part episodes, the ones Zimbabwe (one, two) and the Mid-East at the End of WWI (one, two) are excellent.

Just try and start with more recent episodes, since sound quality can be a bit rough in the older ones.

Source: I'm the host of the AskHistorians podcast.

our specialty is getting murdered on r/medicine right now by MrMeddit in emergencymedicine

[–]400-Rabbits 4 points5 points  (0 children)

I hate the ICU nurses

I'm in a fortunate position in my current job in that I actually started at the same time with several of the ICU nurses (including one who went to nursing school with me!) and so we all bonded over the dreadful hospital orientation.

That said, there is a bulwark of resentment in admitting ED pts to the ICU that is never going to go away. I respect the work they do, but I also know that they are getting pts where I've been the one who has started multiple IVs, drawn a fuckton of labs, placed a foley, and generally gotten their pt stable enough to be transported to the ICU and not the morgue. I love my ICU nurses, but I also know that they are getting pts I have stabilized, so I'm always going to have a visceral reaction when they ask me if I've given pepcid and colace to the pt whose levo I've been titrating up and down every 5 mins.

I-285 billboard: 'Black people are being pushed out of Atlanta' by IHateGlennBeck in Atlanta

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

It's not a race issue. It's a class issue.

Class and race are not separate issues in America. They are very much intertwined.

Yarn stores in Atlanta area? by mrbebop in Atlanta

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Needle Nook in Druid Hills is a frequent haunt of my knitting gf. I can attest to them having both a large selection and very friendly staff.

[Native America] How widespread was the rope-bundle burial practice of pre-columbian South America? by weird_piano in AskHistorians

[–]400-Rabbits 3 points4 points  (0 children)

Bleh, I did mean that. I'll let you chime in about West Mexico. If I recall correctly from the AskHistorians podcast episode, shaft tombs had flexed burials?

An empty MARTA station at sunset by DirectorChick in Atlanta

[–]400-Rabbits 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I will say that, even when I was doing this, it really seemed to come down to individual officers as to whether I got bothered or not. If I did interact with them, some would be pose for pictures and some would tell me they would arrest me if I didn't stop shooting; it was pretty random.

[Native America] How widespread was the rope-bundle burial practice of pre-columbian South America? by weird_piano in AskHistorians

[–]400-Rabbits 7 points8 points  (0 children)

What you're thinking of is most often called "mummy bundles" or, more simply, "flexed" burials.

In the Aztec context, these did exist, but were most often transient. The Aztec practice was to cremate, rather than bury, the body. Mummy bundles were an efficient way of preparing the body for what was to come next: cremation. Which is not say there was not some amount of symbolism to the flexed position. Compare, for example, this image of a royal mummy bundle from the Codex Magliabecchi with the depiction of the ruler Ahuizotl in the Codex Mendoza as he sits upon the reed mat which was one of the key indicators of rulership Late Postclassic Central Mesoamerica. Whereas the modern American/European eye might see such a position as odd or even awkward, the flexed mummy bundle evoked a more majestic position in Mesoamerican depictions.

Of course, while the Aztecs most commonly burned their dead, this was not a universal practice throughout Mesoamerica, nor even among the Aztecs. There are mummy bundles that have been unearthed in such unequivocal contexts as Tlatelolco (Iguaz 1993). Such "sacred bundles" however, appear to have been more significant in Western Mexico, particularly in the Oaxaca region. Duncan et al. (2008) suggest that flexed burials, like with the images above, may be seen as "seated" burials, indicative of a position of power, but that the general pattern was of adults to have extended burials. Blomster (2011), while not necessarily disagreeing, lays out how there was considerable variation in internment just within the Valley of Oaxaca over time, with both extended and flexed burials co-existing at the same time, and with other practices like secondary burials, ossuaries, and home interments also have periods of popularity.

So while flexed burials are found throughout Mesoamerica, their significance and prevalence depends on local context, rather than some broad pan-regional diffusionism. Wrapping the body up into a compact position can both represent a return to a symbolic fetal state (as suggested by Matos Moctezuma) as much as it can represent a seated ruler as much as it can represent simply a practical way to handle the dead weight of a body (and as someone who has had to handle corpses, a compact bundle would often be appreciated) on its trip either to internment, cremation, or extended veneration. The basic fact is that the extended, prone burials so familiar in Western cultures do not -- as many cultural practices do not -- exist for a particular concrete purpose, but are the result of a confluence of influences both practical and symbolic. So to are flexed burials. There is no reason not to bury someone in a flexed position, and so we see the practice cropping up throughout Mesoamerican (and beyond), but with varying prevalence and differing aspects of symbolism depending on the culture and the time period.

An empty MARTA station at sunset by DirectorChick in Atlanta

[–]400-Rabbits -1 points0 points  (0 children)

Does MARTA still have a blanket ban on photography? About a decade ago I tried to do project to photograph every station, only to be repeatedly stopped by MARTA police and told that photography was not allowed. After wading my way through bureaucracy for a while, I finally FOIA'd the official policy, which stated (I still have the letter; dug it up for this):

Individuals photographing or videotaping on MARTA property for personal purposes as described in this policy shall be permitted to do so when activities do not impede the operation of the transit station or pose a threat of harm to MARTA patrons, employees or others.

I was able to flash that letter whenever I got stopped by MARTA police, but still ended up getting told to stop and move along more often than not. Apparently, MARTA cops had been told that anyone taking photos/video in a MARTA station represented a "threat of harm."

After wading my way through even more bureaucracy, I ended up having a phone conversation with some MARTA police official who told me, literally, that "9/11 changed everything" and that to allow any photography would risk terrorist attack. Ahh, the hamfisted, bureacratic, kafkaesque paranoia of the Bush years.

Portraits featuring some of the last surviving tribes (X-post /r/interestingasfuck) by HumanautPassenger in Anthropology

[–]400-Rabbits 75 points76 points  (0 children)

What's the context of these pictures? Who are these people? Anthropology, one could argue, is about trying to understanding the universal humanity of our species, not displaying "exotics" to be gawked at. Why are these the "last" tribes? Why is these people even labeled as "tribes," a term which has been disparaged in the social sciences for decades as laden with ethnocentric baggage?

These are pretty pictures, but a context-free slideshow of mostly non-white peoples is not anthropology, it is a human zoo.