ಟ್ವೀಟ್‌ಗಳು

ನೀವು @EpiEllie ಅವರನ್ನು ತಡೆಹಿಡಿದಿರುವಿರಿ

ಈ ಟ್ವೀಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ವೀಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ನೀವು ಖಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಬಯಸುವಿರಾ? ಟ್ವೀಟ್ ವೀಕ್ಷಣೆಯು @EpiEllie ಅವರ ತಡೆತೆರವುಗೊಳಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ

  1. ಪಿನ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ಟ್ವೀಟ್
    ಡಿಸೆಂ 14

    But, the “true” value is the part they should view as fixed. Instead, I propose explaining precision, accuracy, and confidence intervals with ring toss. The “truth” is in a fixed place, and it’s the confidence interval ring that may or may not land where you want it to. 3/4

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
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  2. ಅವರು ಮರುಟ್ವೀಟಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ
    6 ನಿಮಿಷಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    For past & current grad students, I'd like to share my PhD afterword... "In an industry that depends so fundamentally on the abilities to think, focus, concentrate, & communicate a broken brain is uniquely - and completely - disabling"

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
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  3. ಅವರು ಮರುಟ್ವೀಟಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ
    37 ನಿಮಿಷಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    I started December with 182 followers. Last night, I crossed 1000! I owe most of this incredible growth to one fact ... I told a joke and ten thousand people laughed! Thanks for blowing my mind Twitter people & for yelling at me when I'm wrong.

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  4. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    Lastly, I’m still learning about target validity, so I hope the authors of the target validity paper will chime in if I’ve misrepresented or misunderstood their concept!

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  5. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    Let me just finish by saying that none of this is a criticism of — the authors describe the low external validity very clearly in their paper. Which is what makes it such a good case study.

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  6. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    Returning to our original question: Does tell us about the effect of a parachute (vs backpack) on 5-minute post-jump survival among people who are about to jump out of any airplane? No! Target validity for this question is low!

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  7. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    (That doesn’t mean it has low external validity for *all possible target pops* — it’s probably externally valid to a target pop comprised of all people planning to jump from stationary grounded planes for example)

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  8. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    Because plane height and speed differ in the trial & target pops, & because we think parachutes work differently at different plane heights/ speeds (ie plane height and speed are “effect modifiers”), the has low external validity *for our target pop*.

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  9. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    The main diff bt/wn study & target pops is height & speed of plane they’re planning to jump from. 1️⃣Do parachutes work same no matter speed & height of plane? No!! We definitely don’t think so! 2️⃣Do the types of people in 2 pops differ? Yes! We just said so!

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  10. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    Since the study sample and the target pop are different, we need to think about whether those differences affect our interpretation of the results. There are 2 things to consider: 1️⃣is the effect the same for everyone? 2️⃣if it’s not, are types of people diff in these 2 pops?

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  11. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    This is where falls down. They tried to recruit people currently on an airplane, but only succeeded in recruiting people who got onto a stationary grounded plane for the purpose of becoming eligible for the trial! That’s different from the target pop!

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  12. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    The target pop might be everyone with a particular diagnosis, or adults over 40, or those who have failed first line therapy. In the , the target population is anyone about to jump out of any airplane.

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  13. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    But we’re not done! The next part of target validity is external validity. This asks us to assess whether the answer we got for our study population tells us anything about our target population!

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  14. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    Our estimated intention-to-treat and per-protocol effects have great internal validity. There’s no confounding and there’s no loss to follow-up, so this is probably the true value *for the study population* (although, as others have noted the sample size is quite small)

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  15. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    In the , the intention-to-treat effect (and thus the per-protocol effect) is: P(death=1|assigned parachute)=0/12 P(death=1|assigned backpack)=0/11 0/12 - 0/11 =0 percentage point risk difference of death at 5 minutes post-jump.

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  16. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    That is the per-protocol effect: the effect of parachute vs backpack if everyone had adhered to their assigned treatment. had perfect adherence & complete follow-up, so this is easy to estimate: the per-protocol effect is *equal* to the intention-to-treat effect

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  17. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    Internal validity means the estimate we got *in our study sample* is the right answer (or close to it) for *that group* of people. In the , internal validity depends on whether we have a good estimate of the effect of using parachute vs backpack *in our trial*

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  18. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    We can split target validity into two main components: internal validity and external validity.

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  19. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    In the , we want to know: What is the causal effect of using a parachute on 5-minute post-jump survival among the population of people who are about to jump out of an airplane, vs an empty backpack?

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
    ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸು
  20. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    So, what is target validity? When we do an , we want to know about the effect of a treatment *in a target population*. Target validity tells us about how well we have learned about that from our trial (or observational study).

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
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  21. 2 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ

    First let me say I’m not an expert on target validity, because it’s a new concept. But I think this trial is a nice case study for it. Check out the great paper introducing the concept, here:

    ಈ ಥ್ರೆಡ್ ತೋರಿಸಿ
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