How do I describe this circuit?

How do I describe this circuit?

Do you want subjective opinion? Or technical description?

Subjective opinion would be: this circuit is badly designed, no matter what problem the designer tried to solve.

Technical description would be: it is a battery killer with stand-by indicator.

The best description for this circuit is "How to NOT control a light with a switch." This was clearly not designed by anyone with even basic knowledge of electricity. Or else it was incorrectly "interpreted" or reproduced by someone with absolutely no understanding at all.

Obviously, closing the switch will put a DEAD SHORT across the power supply. That is NEVER a good idea, and can be quite dangerous in many cases.

Clearly, the light bulb (or LED, it makes no difference!) turns OFF when the switch is closed. Anyone who thinks otherwise has zero understanding of electricity and should not be attempting to teach others. In any grade.

"Battery short circuit stress tester".

This circuit will allow you to observe how the supply source reacts when short circuited. Also tests the switch under extreme fault conditions as well. An expendable person should be deployed to operate the switch.

Current tends to select line with lower resistance. Short circuit resistance is 0 and open circuit resistance is unlimited. The current of lamp when switch is closed = zero then you have no light but when switch is open the current of lamp is (1.5v/100ohm = 0.015A) then you have light like this picture :

and something about the battery :

I'd describe it as: Switch and bulb in parallel connected to a voltage source.

I think the voltage source should be mentioned (without it you cannot reproduce the circuit, although most would think implicitly that a voltage source is there).

And I don't think a description should contain any hint that this is a quite useless contraption, stuff in school is often not useful or practical but only a test to see if the concepts are understood. An explanation of how it works can contain all the comments on how dangerous and useless this might be. However the solution is wrong - like pointed out by everyone else, if the switch is closed the light will go out.

I've seen something similar while restoring my old Vespa. This answer is more of a try to explain why the teacher might ended up with a wrong circuit.

The generator of a Vespa works like a Dynamo on a bike, so it acts like some sort of current source. And the horn was controlled by a switch which was hooked up in a similar way.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

If you press the button (break the short), the current goes through the horn and you get a nice sound.

In the old schematics, there was no nice current source and the switch was also not depicted like in this schematic but as a normal switch. While analyzing the whole thing I was baffled at first until I drew a complete schematic and measured the switch to realize it's normally closed and pressing it does not close it but open it.

So maybe your teacher came across some circuit like this and in an attempt to make it easier, the circuit was changed in a way to make it wrong and the switch being normally closed was not clear. Most people think of pressing a button or flicking a switch will make a contact.

I would describe it as a:

"Inverted bulb short ckt w' switch."

Or if you want to describe the circuit construction through words:

"Bulb+switch in parallel"

Though, you could also describe it as:

"Simplest bulb NOT gate."

If you short an alkaline AA 1.5v battery, it's probably not going to heat up as much as you think, especially that it's a small BATTERY which is current limited.

See here.

There are only two configurations of a lamp, switch, and voltage source that yield light in one switch state, and no light in the other switch state. So calling this (wrong) one a "light switch" is technically correct.
But the concept of voltage source operation is a rather high level one compared to the concept of a light-switch-circuit, and is likely not the point of the exercise. One could say that the correct series circuit is greener than the energy wasting wrong one. But this is a too-mild tone that doesn't properly convey the danger involved.
I would call it a dangerous light switch.
Another option is to extend the educational experience into the concept of a drained battery and call it a light switch that works once.

From a circuit theory point of view, this circuit is NOT correct. A closed switch is just a short circuit, and a short circuit is just a special case of voltage source with zero voltage. Therefore, you are imposing two incompatible conditions to the upper node, V=0V and V=1.5V. It is just a logical contradiction, 0=1.5.

If I were to give it a title, I'd say an illuminated one-switch explosion.

The amount of explosion is based on the current and voltage the power source is meant to provide. For example, using a 9V battery is an opportunity for more explosion in comparison to a 1.5V button battery.

and for **** sakes, PLEASE don't implement this circuit and PLEASE don't make the power source 120 VAC (North american house electricity voltage).

It's a light circuit with a switch that, when closed, shorts the power source (turning off the light in the process).

It's clearly an incorrect circuit design. Switches are supposed to be wired in series, not in parallel. A dead short will, at a minimum, kill the battery without doing anything useful, and at worst, cause a fire or explosion due to excessive heat.