Poisson Integral

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There are at least two integrals called the Poisson integral. The first is also known as Bessel's second integral,

 J_n(z)=((1/2z)^n)/(Gamma(n+1/2)Gamma(1/2))int_0^picos(zcostheta)sin^(2n)thetadtheta,
(1)

where J_n(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind and Gamma(x) is a gamma function. It can be derived from Sonine's integral. With n=0, the integral becomes Parseval's integral.

In complex analysis, let u:U->R be a harmonic function on a neighborhood of the closed disk D^_(0,1), then for any point z_0 in the open disk D(0,1),

 u(z_0)=1/(2pi)int_0^(2pi)u(e^(ipsi))(1-|z_0|^2)/(|z_0-e^(ipsi)|^2)dpsi.
(2)

In polar coordinates on D^_(0,R),

 u(z_0)=1/(2pi)int_0^(2pi)K(r,theta)phi(z_0+re^(itheta))dtheta,
(3)

where R=|z_0| and K(r,theta) is the Poisson kernel. For a circle,

 u(x,y)=1/(2pi)int_0^(2pi)u(acosphi,asinphi)(a^2-R^2)/(a^2+R^2-2aRcos(theta-phi))dphi.
(4)

For a sphere,

 u(x,y,z)=1/(4pia)intint_(S)u(a^2-R^2)/((a^2+R^2-2aRcostheta)^(3/2))dS,
(5)

where

 costheta=x·xi.
(6)

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