Welcome to Fourth-Century Christianity
Welcome to Fourth-Century Christianity, a site promoting and storing research tools and texts for the study of the Church and its environment in the Fourth Century. The site is sponsored by the History Department of Wisconsin Lutheran College and by Asia Lutheran Seminary, under the direction of Dr. Glen L. Thompson. To get started, see the menu of options in the far left column or further down on this page. See also the Governing Principles below.
Governing Principles:
- The site will assist in undergraduate and advanced research by providing reliable reference materials, texts and translations that are not available elsewhere on the net.
- Every page will have its authors/contributors identified.
- Every text or translation will have its source/translator identified.
- We invite participation by the scholarly community in updating, improving or adding to the information provided.
- Although the site directors are Christian and Lutheran, every effort is made to present material as objectively as possible.
Any questions, comments, corrections and suggestions can be posted in the comments below or sent to Dr. Thompson at [email protected].
We add new material often, and invite you to check the Recent Additions page frequently.
Website Contents:
| What’s New | |||
| Recent Additions lists the most recent additions and updates to the Fourth-Century Christianity (FCC) website. | |||
| Contents contains the contents of the website. | |||
| Tools | |||
| Bibliographical Helps – a list of several dozen of the most important resources for the study of the fourth century, including the abbreviations used on this site when they are cited. | |||
| Chronological charts – links to some of the more important chronological charts and lists on the site. | |||
| Constantine the Great contains the first complete list of all of Constantine’s surviving works in chronological order. | |||
| Early Christian Councils contains a list of early church councils from A.D. 253-431. | |||
| Early Egyptian Monasticism – A hypothetical map of a Pachomian monastery, listing the positions and areas of a Pachomian monastery, based on the rules of Pachomius. | |||
| Imperial Laws and Letters – A complete list of the over 500 surviving imperial laws and letters dealing with religion in the Roman Empire, dating between A.D. 311-431. | |||
| Patristic Abbreviations – Our first attempts at drawing together some standard abbreviations for the various works of patristic authors. This list is still incomplete. | |||
| Patristic Writers of the Fourth Century – Extensive lists of known Christian writers of the fourth century. Also lists of the surviving works of some of these writers. | |||
| Primary Texts | |||
| Collectio Avellana page gives brief information on the Avellana, a link to download the Avellana from Google Books, and a summary of all the Avellana’s documents dealing with the fourth century. | |||
| Conciliar Creeds of the Fourth Century contains a list and translations of the known conciliar creeds from the fourth century | |||
| Documents Concerning the Meletian Schism contains a chart listing reference numbers, descriptions, ancient sources and English translations of the extant documents of the Meletian Schism from c. A.D. 303-335 | |||
| Documents of the Early Arian Controversy contains charts listing reference numbers, descriptions, ancient sources and published English translations of the extant documents of the Arian Controversy from 318-333. Charts compare the chronology as argued by Opitz in his Urkunden (1934) and in the revised version of Athanasius’ Werke (2007). Translations and brief notes are provided for each document. | |||
| Fourth Century Papacy contains material related to the bishops of Rome in the fourth century. | |||
| Marcellus of Ancyra Fragments contains translations of the surviving fragments of the writings of Marcellus of Ancyra. | |||
| Website Related | |||
| Abbreviations lists the abbreviations used in the website with bibliographic information. | |||
| Links to other websites with useful information relating to fourth-century Christianity. | |||
| Site Contributors lists information about the contributors to this site. | |||
41 Comments so far

Nathanael Jensen on 10 Jul 2016 at 4:00 pm #
Terry Young,
Thank you for your continued use of this website and encouragement. We apologize for the long delay. The reason that we have put a link to epistle 73 of Cyprian to Jubaianus on the Council of Carthage (AD 256) page (the one which began on September 1), is because this epistle, although it was written prior to the council and only makes reference to the previous council, was read aloud at this council in the fall. We admit that this could have been stated more clearly and have adjusted our page to try to do so.
Thanks again!
Nathanael Jensen
Terry Young on 24 Mar 2016 at 11:51 am #
Hello again,
I noticed a mistake concerning a link on the page “Council of Carthage (AD 256).” This page deals with the Seventh Cyprianic Council of Carthage which took place on 1 September 256. The page incorrectly links to epistle 73 of Cyprian to Jubaianus (# 72 in the ANF). This Epistle was written BEFORE the VII Council of Carthage in the Spring of 256. The text itself does not mention council VII, but does mention council VI in referring to the seventy-one bishops who attended (Cyprian 73.1). This link should be removed from the page.
Thanks and keep up the great work!
Nathanael Jensen on 28 Feb 2016 at 2:34 pm #
Robert: Sorry for the delayed response. It has taken some time to check on the quotation.
I could not find any ancient source with your quotation — “that on some occasions the bodies of the martyrs who had been devoured by wild beasts, upon the beasts being strangled, were found alive in their stomachs, even after having been fully digested.” It rather appears to be an often quoted saying made up long after Eusebius.
Your English version of the quotation with its addition about Eusebius seems to have come from a book by the American atheist and free-thinker Joseph Wheless, Forgery in Christianity (1930); and he seems to have been citing another book, Diegesis, by Robert Taylor (1829, p. 364). Both of these authors were anti-Christian propagandists, and the latter may well have invented the quote and attributed it to Eusebius as part of his attempt to show early Christian writers as liars. For his quotation, Taylor footnotes the work of the 18th century cleric Nathaniel Lardner, “Credibility,” vol. 4, p. 91. This does not match any of the works of Lardner that I have checked. And Lardner himself was quite effusive in his praise of Eusebius as a historian, so Taylor is really misrepresenting him totally. The citation of Gibbon also seems to be an invention. While Eusebius at times reproduced hearsay, and certainly was not totally objective in his biography of his hero Constantine, he remains a well-respected early Christian historian, many of whose accounts have been repeatedly confirmed. Both Wheless and Taylor appear more dishonest or gullible than Eusebius.
Robert on 15 Dec 2015 at 8:15 pm #
I have so far been unable to verify this quote allegedly by Eusebius –
” “that on some occasions the bodies of the martyrs who had been devoured by wild beasts, upon the beasts being strangled, were found alive in their stomachs, even after having been fully digested” taken from the following –
Another scholar, Joseph Wheless charged that Eusebius was one of the most prolific forgers and liars of his age in the church, and a great romancer; in his hair-raising histories of the holy Martyrs, he assures us “that on some occasions the bodies of the martyrs who had been devoured by wild beasts, upon the beasts being strangled, were found alive in their stomachs, even after having been fully digested”! (FORGERY IN CHRISTIANITY: A Documented Record of the Foundations of the Christian Religion, 1930; quoted Gibbon, History, Ch. 37; Lardner, iv, p. 91; Diegesis, p. 272)
I can’t locate it in Gibbons, History Ch. 37 either?
I wrote to the State Library of Western Australia where I live but they do not have a Copy of Eusebius’ works only in Sydney, and they can’t investigate for me there!
Do you have confirmation of that quote or can suggest how I might track it down apart from Search engines?
Thanks
Jacob Werre on 01 Apr 2015 at 10:40 am #
Hello Terry,
Thank you for another great suggestion. We will look into this as a project that we can pursue in the future.
Jacob
Terry Young on 26 Mar 2015 at 8:46 pm #
Another suggestion I have is for your pages on “Imperial Laws and Letters Involving Religion.” I think it would help if the addressee(s) is/are named. Often the laws and letters of the Roman Emperors were responses to specific and regionally/locally based issues. Giving the recipient(s) of each law would help put them in context. Thanks, and keep up the awesome work.
Jacob Werre on 11 Feb 2015 at 11:19 am #
Hello Terry,
Thanks for the suggestion. We will definitely look into providing more specific dates for the individual councils. Let us know if you have any other ideas or suggestions as we are always trying to grow and improve.
Jacob
Terry Young on 01 Feb 2015 at 10:56 pm #
Hello, love your website! Excellent source of information. However, I think it would be helpful to give more specific dates for individual councils listed on the “Early Christian Councils” page. For instance, the Council of Ephesus (the 3rd Ecumenical Council) is given a date of 431, but giving the specific dates of June 22 to July 31, 431 A.D. would be more helpful. Even if the exact dates are not available, at least give the month(s) or season. Just a suggestion. Keep up the awesome work!
Natalie on 13 Nov 2014 at 9:25 am #
Thank you for information on the martyr project! To the creators and sustainers of this fourth-century site “thank you!” This site has been very helpful. I do have an update, however. ICUR is now accessible and searchable online at the Epigraphic Database Bari site:
http://www.edb.uniba.it/search/basic
Happy Scholarship!
badrelmers on 22 Apr 2014 at 3:15 pm #
The Roman Martyrs Project can be found in the archive.org database https://web.archive.org/web/
https://web.archive.org/web/20120718030416/http://www.arts.manchester.ac.uk/cla/projects/romanmartyrsproject/
the archive.org contains copies of every page in the net including deleted or expired sites
Marta Stahlfeld on 04 Apr 2014 at 9:05 am #
Dear Natalie,
Thank you for pointing that out. The Roman Martyrs Project is apparently no longer active. It does not appear that the information from the project can be accessed anymore.
Marta
Natalie on 27 Mar 2014 at 2:45 pm #
I love this site, it is tremendously helpful. I just wanted to let you know, however, that the Rome Martyrs Project is no longer at Manchester. Any idea where it went? Surely all of their work did not just disappear!
Thanks!
Wijnand on 05 Aug 2013 at 3:04 am #
In response to my former post, I found out that FCC is more complete than I thought: the example of the Synod of Jerusalem in 335 can be found at the bottom of this page http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/urkunden-chart-2007/
But as a methodological approach it still works in case there is no translation provided from a document that is only available in German.
Wijnand on 05 Aug 2013 at 2:31 am #
Dear Seth,
If you look for all Arian documents in one document, you are looking in vain. Some documents can be found in the appendix of R. Williams, Arius: Heresy and Tradition, 1987, 2nd ed. 2001. Other documents might be found in R.C.P. Hanson, The Search for the
The most crucial part to realize about the Arian documents is that they are to be found in the documents from the (mainly) fourth and fifth centuries. Athanasius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Epiphanius. If you consult the volume of Opitz from 1934, or the continuation of his project by others in the series Athanasius Werke 3.1.3, you can find the place where it is originally located. In case of Urkunde 1, the letter from Arius to Eusebius of Nicomedia, it is indicated on the FCC website where it is to be found. In Ephiphanius 69.6 and Theoderet’s Church History I.5 (but NPNF I.4).
In case, a document is not found in Opitz, Athanasius Werke 3.1.3 gives the original text and a german translation, but also the original location of the source “Fundstelle”. If you are for example interested in the Encyclical Letter of the Synod of Jerusalem in 335 (Dokumente 39 in AW 3.1.3 (just after the period available in translation at FCC), you can note that it is found in two works of Athanasius. You can look to the translation of these works of Athanasius to be able to find the early Arian documents.
Probably this procedure sounds a bit complicated. But that is the situation in which the Arian documents are preserved. May be it is too much information, but it is crucial to understand the nature of transmission to interpret such documents correctly.
Good luck with the research!
Wijnand
Jacob Werre on 16 Jul 2013 at 9:25 pm #
Dear Seth,
The only place you can find English translations of early Arian documents is on fourthcentury.com. Hopefully these will prove to be useful for you.
Jacob
Seth Bloomsburg on 11 Jul 2013 at 8:08 pm #
I’m looking for English translations of early Arian documents in one volume. I’ve looked at the Opitz documents but they’re in German. Your site has some translations but I was hoping to find a way to get all these together so I could read them?
Jonathan Li on 20 May 2013 at 8:26 pm #
Kairete! What a brilliant website, Hope I can learn more in biblical knowledge and biblical language from here.
Jacob Werre on 14 May 2013 at 4:13 pm #
Lindsay,
We do not have a link on Facebook, but we appreciate your interest in our website.
Jacob
Lindsay Reid on 11 May 2013 at 1:23 pm #
Do you have a link to like on Facebook?
Publius Quinctius Petrus Augustinus on 18 Jan 2013 at 3:58 pm #
As an academic, I am indeed impressed by this website and the enormous amount of dedicated scholarship and work that goes into its development.
Edmundo Laughton on 18 Oct 2012 at 5:15 pm #
Just wanna state that this is very helpful , Thanks for taking your time to write this.
Rowena Clayton on 20 Jun 2012 at 1:35 pm #
This is a fascinating, scholarly and useful collection; I shall be browsing daily from Languedoc. Rowena
Rick@churchpartner on 28 May 2012 at 9:29 pm #
I had fun surfing on this page. I learn a lot when it comes to Christianity. It is really a good site to stop by. I can get more information here. Thanks for sharing!
Joe Badir on 20 Feb 2012 at 9:44 pm #
Please be cautious reporting on fourth century Papacy, since there was no Roman Pope before John I, who first borrowed the title in 527, three centuries after the first Coptic Papa (Dady), Archaelas (Origen’s assistant, dean of Catechetical school of Alexandria). Historically, this office has held the title of Papa, Father in Coptic, since Papa Heracleus, 13th Alexandrine Patriarch (232-249 AD) who was first to associated with the title three centuries before it was assumed by John I, the Bishop of Rome (523- 526), who ratified the Alexandrian computation of the date of Easter. Bestowing the title on the Roman Pontiff did not strip it from the Archbishop of Alexandria, and the Roman Catholic Church recognizes this ecclesiastical fact, to this day.
Owen Chadwich: An illustrated History of Christianity
Amazon.com: So you’d like to… Get to Know Popes of East & West, by Theognostus
Karen Park on 24 Aug 2011 at 12:33 pm #
This is a fantastic resource for me and my students! Thank you!
David D. Driscoll on 23 Feb 2011 at 10:43 am #
Your collection of the works of Arius has been of invaluable assistance in my study of early Christian heterodoxy and I should like to express to you my gratitude for making these documents easily available to visitors to your website. Your website is brilliantly laid out, clear, orderly, and a pleasure to use. My very best thanks.
Matthew W. I. Dunn on 26 Dec 2010 at 6:04 pm #
Thank you for this site. It reminds me of St. John Henry Newman’s comment about Christians needing to be “deep in history.”
Brad on 18 Sep 2010 at 7:57 pm #
An outstanding resource. Thanks!
Charles Freeman on 17 May 2010 at 1:33 am #
Thanks, Glen, for providing this resource. The vitality of fourth century theological thought is often underestimated and having access to it here is important. Charles Freeman ( Author of The Closing of the Western Mind, AD 381 and A New History of Early Christianity.) P.S. I haven’t checked out the site properly yet but I hope you find space for Eunomius, one of the most interesting theologians of the period whose works have suffered from intense abuse over the centuries but which deserves to be read ( see the fine biography by Vaggione).
Shannon on 17 Feb 2010 at 11:41 pm #
This website was extremely helpful for a class project I’m doing with the PL and Jerome (amongst others). Thank you so much!
Kirsten Bak Thygesen on 17 Feb 2010 at 2:13 am #
Thank you all for this wonderfully interesting and informative site. It saves an enormous amount of time that you have done all the hard work and served it on this silver plate for people around the world to make use of and enjoy.
All the very best
from Kirsten
Danish student of theology…
JacobBehnken on 21 Apr 2009 at 3:33 pm #
Thank you for your comment. We will look into maps for the site.
Ken Hash on 03 Apr 2009 at 9:36 am #
this is a great site and the info is invaluable and accessible…many thanks. But I agree with another reader, this site needs maps. Again, thank you for your work.
Tina Bradley on 03 Feb 2009 at 12:13 pm #
You did a fantastic job on this and I will be sharing this with my friends!
God Bless you
Tina
Austra Reinis on 29 Jan 2009 at 3:35 pm #
Great job! However — could you also add maps to your website, showing the extent Christianity had spread by the beginning, middle, and end of the century? That would be a great help, for example, in showing students the distances that bishops had to travel to attend the various councils!
Lance on 11 Jan 2009 at 2:58 pm #
This is an incredible website with information that is very difficult to find anywhere else (at least not in such a well organized form).
It is very intersting studying Arianism and how Christianity changed over time, especially because my religion has closer ties to Arianism than post-Nicea Christianity.
I would have to say that MOST Christians do not know the history of the early Church and would be very surprised by some of the events that took place.
Thank you again and I will be passing this web site on to other people that are intersted in the same things as I am.
brother Michael on 27 Dec 2008 at 2:01 pm #
I am currently reading Wylie’s “The Papacy: Its History, Dogmas, Genius, and Prospects” and with this was doing some research on the edict of Gratian and Valentinian II. In doing so, I stumbled across your website. Wow – what a great site to have all of the documentation available that you do. Thanks for all that you have done to compile this information. I look forward to using this in my studies.
Richard O';Connell on 23 Dec 2008 at 3:24 pm #
Many thanks for the material. I’m presently preparing some lectures on Christology and Arianism and this material is extremely helpful for me. Excellent job. Many thanks and may the Lord continue to bless you.
Jason Amato on 21 Dec 2008 at 12:21 pm #
This site is fantastic, I stumbled across it doing some reading up on Arianism and Macedonianism. Presently I and many of the people I know don’t fall far from these theological perspectives. So it is interesting for me to learn about them. Please feel free to email me to discuss this!
Michael Pettinger on 30 Nov 2008 at 10:06 am #
this is brilliant!
Liviu on 08 Nov 2008 at 3:00 pm #
Great job!
LD,
Bucharest University