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Title:
Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia
Authors:
Pages 2k Consortium; Ahmed, Moinuddin; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Asrat, Asfawossen; Borgaonkar, Hemant P.; Braida, Martina; Buckley, Brendan M.; Büntgen, Ulf; Chase, Brian M.; Christie, Duncan A.; Cook, Edward R.; Curran, Mark A. J.; Diaz, Henry F.; Esper, Jan; Fan, Ze-Xin; Gaire, Narayan P.; Ge, Quansheng; Gergis, Joëlle; González-Rouco, J. Fidel; Goosse, Hugues; Grab, Stefan W.; Graham, Nicholas; Graham, Rochelle; Grosjean, Martin; Hanhijärvi, Sami T.; Kaufman, Darrell S.; Kiefer, Thorsten; Kimura, Katsuhiko; Korhola, Atte A.; Krusic, Paul J.; Lara, Antonio; Lézine, Anne-Marie; Ljungqvist, Fredrik C.; Lorrey, Andrew M.; Luterbacher, Jürg; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; McCarroll, Danny; McConnell, Joseph R.; McKay, Nicholas P.; Morales, Mariano S.; Moy, Andrew D.; Mulvaney, Robert; Mundo, Ignacio A.; Nakatsuka, Takeshi; Nash, David J.; Neukom, Raphael; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Oerter, Hans; Palmer, Jonathan G.; Phipps, Steven J.; Prieto, Maria R.; Rivera, Andres; Sano, Masaki; Severi, Mirko; Shanahan, Timothy M.; Shao, Xuemei; Shi, Feng; Sigl, Michael; Smerdon, Jason E.; Solomina, Olga N.; Steig, Eric J.; Stenni, Barbara; Thamban, Meloth; Trouet, Valerie; Turney, Chris S. M.; Umer, Mohammed; van Ommen, Tas; Verschuren, Dirk; Viau, Andre E.; Villalba, Ricardo; Vinther, Bo M.; von Gunten, Lucien; Wagner, Sebastian; Wahl, Eugene R.; Wanner, Heinz; Werner, Johannes P.; White, James W. C.; Yasue, Koh; Zorita, Eduardo
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan), AB(Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 2543, USA), AC(School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), AD(Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411008, India), AE(Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, University of Trieste, 34128, Italy), AF(Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA), AG(Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland), AH(Département Paléoenvironnements et Paléoclimats (PAL), Université Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France; Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway), AI(Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2777, Santiago, Chile), AJ(Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA), AK(Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia), AL(Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA), AM(Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55099, Germany), AN(Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, 666303, China), AO(Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, GPO Box 3323, Lalitpur, Nepal), AP(Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China), AQ(School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia), AR(Departamento Astrofísica y CC de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain), AS(Lemaitre Center for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium), AT(School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa), AU(Hydrologic Research Center, San Diego, California 92130, USA), AV(Hydrologic Research Center, San Diego, California 92130, USA), AW(Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland), AX(Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland), AY(), AZ(International Project Office, Past Global Changes (PAGES), Bern, 3012, Switzerland), BA(Department of Symbiotic System Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1248, Japan), BB(Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland), BC(Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden), BD(Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2777, Santiago, Chile), BE(Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris cedex, 575252, France), BF(Department of History, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden), BG(National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., National Climate Centre Auckland, 1011, Zealand), BH(Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany), BI(Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91 191, France), BJ(Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK), BK(Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA), BL(School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA), BM(Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT-CONICET-Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina), BN(Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia), BO(British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK), BP(Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT-CONICET-Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina), BQ(Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464.8601, Japan), BR(School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa; School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK), BS(Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland), BT(Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32308, USA), BU(Department of Glaciology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Helmholtz Association, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany), BV(College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK; Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia), BW(Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia), BX(Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK), BY(Centro de Estudios Cientificos, Valdivia, Chile), BZ(Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464.8601, Japan), CA(Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy), CB(Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA), CC(Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China), CD(LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China), CE(Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, Nevada 89512, USA), CF(Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA), CG(Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119017, Russia), CH(Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA), CI(Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, University of Trieste, 34128, Italy), CJ(National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa, 403 804, India), CK(Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA), CL(Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia), CM(School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Deceased), CN(Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia), CO(Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium), CP(Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada), CQ(Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT-CONICET-Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina), CR(Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark), CS(International Project Office, Past Global Changes (PAGES), Bern, 3012, Switzerland), CT(Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany), CU(National Climatic Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA), CV(Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland), CW(Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany), CX(Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA), CY(Department of Forest Science, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan), CZ()
Publication:
Nature Geoscience, Volume 6, Issue 5, pp. 339-346 (2013).
Publication Date:
05/2013
Origin:
NATURE
Abstract Copyright:
(c) 2013: Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.
DOI:
10.1038/ngeo1797
Bibliographic Code:
2013NatGe...6..339P

Abstract

Past global climate changes had strong regional expression. To elucidate their spatio-temporal pattern, we reconstructed past temperatures for seven continental-scale regions during the past one to two millennia. The most coherent feature in nearly all of the regional temperature reconstructions is a long-term cooling trend, which ended late in the nineteenth century. At multi-decadal to centennial scales, temperature variability shows distinctly different regional patterns, with more similarity within each hemisphere than between them. There were no globally synchronous multi-decadal warm or cold intervals that define a worldwide Medieval Warm Period or Little Ice Age, but all reconstructions show generally cold conditions between AD 1580 and 1880, punctuated in some regions by warm decades during the eighteenth century. The transition to these colder conditions occurred earlier in the Arctic, Europe and Asia than in North America or the Southern Hemisphere regions. Recent warming reversed the long-term cooling; during the period AD 1971-2000, the area-weighted average reconstructed temperature was higher than any other time in nearly 1,400 years.
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