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Title:
Adventures in Friedmann cosmology: A detailed expansion of the cosmological Friedmann equations
Authors:
Nemiroff, Robert J.; Patla, Bijunath
Affiliation:
AA(Michigan Technological University, Department of Physics, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931), AB(Michigan Technological University, Department of Physics, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931)
Publication:
American Journal of Physics, Volume 76, Issue 3, pp. 265-276 (2008).
Publication Date:
03/2008
Origin:
AIP
PACS Keywords:
General relativity and gravitation
DOI:
10.1119/1.2830536
Bibliographic Code:
2008AmJPh..76..265N

Abstract

The general relativistic cosmological Friedmann equations, which describe how the scale factor of the universe evolves, are expanded explicitly to include energy forms not usually seen. The evolution of the universe as predicted by the Friedmann equations when dominated by a single, isotropic, stable, static, perfect-fluid energy form is discussed for different values of the gravitational pressure to density ratio w. These energy forms include phantom energy (w<-1), cosmological constant (w=-1), domain walls (w=-2/3), cosmic strings (w=-1/3), normal matter (w=0), radiation and relativistic matter (w=1/3), and a previously little-discussed form of energy called ``ultralight'' (w>1/3). A brief history and possible futures of Friedmann universes dominated by a single energy form are discussed.
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