Search
Home
About Breast Cancer
About Breast Cancer
Facts & Statistics
Facts & Statistics
What is Breast Cancer
What is Breast Cancer
Breast Anatomy
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
Invasive Breast Cancer
Metastatic Breast Cancer
Special Forms of Breast Cancers
Other Breast Conditions
Other Breast Conditions
Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
Benign Breast Conditions
Warning Signs & Symptoms
Breast Cancer Statistics
Breast Cancer in Men
Research Studies
Research Studies
Types of Research Studies
How to Read a Research Table
Research Table Topics
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Factors That Affect Risk
Factors That Affect Risk
Breast Density on a Mammogram
Family History of Breast, Ovarian or Prostate Cancer
Inherited Gene Mutations
Body Weight and Weight Gain
Alcohol
Hyperplasia
Factors Under Study
Factors Under Study
Breast Cancer and the Environment
Early Life Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk
Factors That Do Not Increase Risk
Options for Women at Higher Risk
Options for Women at Higher Risk
Risk-Lowering Drugs
Preventive Surgery
Genetic Testing
BRCA1 and BRCA2
Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Higher Risk
Healthy Behaviors
Breast Self-Awareness Messages
Screening & Detection
Screening & Detection
If You Find a Lump
When to Screen for Breast Cancer
When to Screen for Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk
Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Higher Risk
Breast Cancer Screening for Men at Higher Risk
Screening Reminders
Screening Tests & Diagnostic Tools
Screening Tests & Diagnostic Tools
Clinical Breast Exam
Mammography
Breast MRI
Breast Ultrasound
Emerging Areas in Early Detection
Comparing Breast Cancer Screening Rates Among Different Groups
Questions to Ask Your Doctor - Screening
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Biopsies
Biopsies
Core Needle Biopsy
Fine Needle Aspiration (Fine Needle Biopsy)
Surgical Biopsies
Assessing Margins after Breast Surgery
Pathology Reports
Pathology Reports
Contents of a Pathology Report
Factors That Affect Prognosis & Treatment
Factors That Affect Prognosis & Treatment
Lymph Node Status
Tumor Size
Tumor Grade
Types of Tumors
Hormone Receptor Status
HER2 Status
Breast Cancer Stage
Oncotype DX
Tests for Metastases
Breast Cancer Staging & Stages
Breast Cancer Staging & Stages
Tumor Size and Staging
Lymph Node Status and Staging
Metastases and Staging
Stages
Molecular Subtypes
Molecular Subtypes
Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Emerging Areas in Diagnosis
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Paget Disease of the Breast
Treatment
Treatment
Getting Quality Care
Getting Quality Care
Choosing a Doctor
Choosing a Hospital
Getting a Second Opinion
Interpreter (Translator) Services
Talking With Your Doctor
Types of Treatment
Types of Treatment
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone Therapies
Targeted Therapies
Neoadjuvant Therapies
Precision Medicine
Treatments by Breast Cancer Stage
Treatments by Breast Cancer Stage
Stage 0 - DCIS
Stage I or II - Early Breast Cancer
Stage II or III - Locally Advanced/Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Stage IV - Metastatic
Emerging Areas in Treatment
Clinical Trials
Issues Related to Treatment
Issues Related to Treatment
Things to Consider Before Treatment
Following Your Treatment Plan
Supportive Care and Symptom Management
Managing Pain
Quality of Life
Survival and Risk of Recurrence
Breast Cancer Recurrence
Unique Issues for Young Women
Treatment During Pregnancy
Treatment for Breast Cancer in Men
Metastatic Breast Cancer
Metastatic Breast Cancer
Treatment
Emerging Areas in Treatment
Metastatic Trial Search
Managing Pain
Support
Symptom Management & Supportive Care
Quality of Life
Survivorship Topics
Survivorship Topics
Medical Care After Treatment
Other Health Concerns
Complementary and Integrative Therapies
Healthy Lifestyle
Stress, Fears and Concerns
Getting Involved After Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Personal Stories
Personal Stories
Share Your Story
Tools & Resources
Tools & Resources
Breast Care Helpline
Koman Treatment Assistance Fund
Interactive Learning
Komen Educational Materials
Komen Educational Videos
Translated Materials
Questions to Ask Your Doctor
Screening Reminder Tool
Komen Message Boards
Breast Cancer Education Toolkits
Breast Cancer Glossary
Website Resources
Assistance & Support
Our Impact
Our Impact
Metastatic BC Progress
More Than Pink
More Than Pink Heroes
Get Involved
Get Involved
What We Do
What We Do
More Than Pink
Donate
Donate
Donate Online
Memorials & Dedications
Matching Gifts
Leaving a Legacy of Hope
Other Ways To Give
Participate
Participate
Find a Race
Find an Event
Find an Event
Komen Race for the Cure
Susan G. Komen 3 Day
Find Local Events
Fundraise
Fundraise
Create a Fundraising Campaign
Volunteer
Volunteer
Find a Local Affiliate
Opportunities at Komen Headquarters
Become an Advocate
Become an Advocate
Help Legislate Change
Become an Advocate in Science
3-Day
Corporate Partners
Shop Komen Merchandise
Connect With Us
Find a Race
Find an Affiliate
What We Do
What We Do
Resources We Offer
Resources We Offer
Breast Care Helpline
We Fund Research
We Fund Research
Your Research Dollars at Work
How We Fund Research
How Our Research is Making a Difference
Clinical Trials We Are Funding
Bringing the Patient Voice to Research
In the Community
In the Community
Affiliate Community Health Programs
National Community Health Programs
Considering the Needs of the Community
Around the World
Around the World
Africa
Americas
Americas
North America
Latin America
The Caribbean
Asia
Middle East
Advocacy
Advocacy
Advocacy Priorities
Advocacy Priorities
Breast Cancer Research Funding
National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program
Insurance Barriers to Care
Clinical Trials
Issues to Monitor
Take Action
Partnerships & Programs
Partnerships & Programs
Collaborations
Research Resources
Conference Support
Awards & Recognition
Grants Central
Memorials & Dedications
Shop Komen Merchandise
Corporate Partners
Corporate Partners
Corporate Partners
Corporate Partners
Meet Our Partners
Become a Partner
Become a Partner
Partnership Inquiry
Komen en Español
Komen en Español
Komen en Español
Komen en Español
Terapias Complimentarias
Anatomía del cáncer de seno
Recordatorio de Mamografía y Examen clínico de los senos
Autoconocimiento de los senos
Preguntas Para el Médico
Datos Para la Vida Komen
El cuidado de sus senos:Consejos útiles para mujeres
El Cancer de Mama y el Medio Ambiente: Preguntas y Respuestas
Guía de herramientas de educación sobre el cancer de seno para comunidades hispanas/Latinas
About Us
About Us
About Us
About Us
Our Mission & History
Our People & Teams
Our People & Teams
Scientific Advisory Board
Komen Scholars
Advocates in Science Steering Committee
Financial Reports
Careers & Opportunities
Careers & Opportunities
Job Listing & Internships
Affiliate Jobs
Newsroom
Newsroom
Komen Blog
Newsletters
Komen Grants
Komen Grants
Komen Grants
Komen Grants
Scientific Research Grants
Scientific Research Grants
Funding Opportunities
Grantee Resources
Funded Awards
Affiliate Community Health Grants
National Community Health Grants
National Community Health Grants
Funding Opportunities
Funded Awards
International Grants
International Grants
Funding Opportunities
Grantee Resources
Funded Awards
The Breast Cancer Journey
The Breast Cancer Journey
Recently Diagnosed
In Treatment
Life After Treatment
Friends & Family
Assistance & Support
Assistance & Support
Understanding Health Insurance
How to Find Financial Assistance
How to Find Financial Assistance
Prescription Drug Assistance
Accessing Sources of Support
Accessing Sources of Support
Social Support
Local Support
Support Groups
Hospice
Donate Now
Fundraise
Skip main navigation
Donate
Menu
About Breast Cancer
Our Impact
Get Involved
Donate
Fundraise
Search
Menu
Search
Facts & Statistics
Risk Factors
Screening & Detection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Metastatic Breast Cancer
Survivorship Topics
Personal Stories
Tools & Resources
Assistance & Support
Recently Diagnosed
In Treatment
Life After Treatment
Friends & Family
Assistance & Support
Understanding Health Insurance
How to Find Financial Assistance
Accessing Sources of Support
Resources We Offer
We Fund Research
In the Community
Around the World
Advocacy
Partnerships & Programs
Awards & Recognition
Grants Central
What We Do
Donate
Participate
3-Day
Corporate Partners
Shop Komen Merchandise
Connect With Us
Metastatic BC Progress
More Than Pink
More Than Pink Heroes
The Who, What, Where, When and Sometimes, Why.
A
A
A
|
Show Glossary
|
Print
|
Share
Risk Factors
Factors That Affect Risk
Breast Density on a Mammogram
Family History of Breast, Ovarian or Prostate Cancer
Inherited Gene Mutations
Body Weight and Weight Gain
Alcohol
Hyperplasia
Factors Under Study
Factors That Do Not Increase Risk
Options for Women at Higher Risk
Healthy Behaviors
Breast Self-Awareness Messages
Risk Factors & Risk Reduction References
National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool.
http://www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool/Default.aspx
, 2011.
Ford D, Easton DF, Stratton M, et al. for The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet. 62(3):676-89, 1998.
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. (editors). SEER Fast Stats, 2009-2013. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD,
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/
, 2016.
American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures, 2015-2016, 2015.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2015. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2015.
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. (editors). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2013. Table 1.12. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD,
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2013/
, 2016.
Willett WC, Tamimi R, Hankinson SE, Hazra A, Eliassen AH, Colditz GA. Chapter 18: Nongenetic Factors in the Causation of Breast Cancer, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
Ewertz M, Duffy SW, Adami HO, et al. Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer. 46(4):597-603, 1990.
Lambe M, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, Ekbom A, Pavia M, Adami HO. Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth. N Engl J Med. 331(1):5-9, 1994.
Rosner B, Colditz GA and Willett WC. Reproductive risk factors in a prospective study of breast cancer: the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 139: 819-835, 1994.
Colditz GA and Rosner B. Cumulative risk of breast cancer to age 70 years according to risk factor status: data from the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 152: 950-64, 2000.
Nelson HD, Zakher B, Cantor A, et al. Risk factors for breast cancer for women aged 40 to 49 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 156(9):635-48, 2012.
Ritte R, Tikk K, Lukanova A, et al. Reproductive factors and risk of hormone receptor positive and negative breast cancer: a cohort study. BMC Cancer. 13:584, 2013.
Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U and Willett W. Breast cancer (1). N Engl J Med. 327:319-28, 1992.
Kelsey JL and Bernstein L. Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health. 17:47-67, 1996.
Reeves GK, Pirie K, Green J, et al. for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Reproductive factors and specific histological types of breast cancer: prospective study and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 100(3):538-44, 2009.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol. 13(11):1141-51, 2012.
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, et al. for the Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Circulating sex hormones and breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of 13 studies. Br J Cancer. 105(5):709-22, 2011.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet. 350: 1047-59, 1997.
Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, et al. for the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer—collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer. 87(11):1234-45, 2002.
Ho JM, Jafferjee N, Covarrubias GM, Ghesani M, Handler B. Dense breasts: a review of reporting legislation and available supplemental screening options. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(2):449-56, 2014.
Sprague BL, Gangnon RE, Burt V, et al. Prevalence of mammographically dense breasts in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(10), 2014.
Khan SA. Chapter 19: Management of Other High Risk Patients, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 332(19):1245-50, 1995.
Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women. JAMA. 302(4):401-11, 2009.
Dam MK, Hvidtfeldt UA, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Grønbæk M, Tolstrup JS. Five year change in alcohol intake and risk of breast cancer and coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 353:i2314, 2016.
Egan KM, Newcomb PA, Longnecker MP, et al. Jewish religion and risk of breast cancer. Lancet. 347: 1645-6, 1996.
National Cancer Institute. Genetics of breast and gynecologic cancers (PDQ®) - health professional version.
http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-ovarian-genetics-pdq#section/_88
, 2016.
Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, et al. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med. 336: 1401-8, 1997.
Chen S, Parmigiani G. Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance. J Clin Oncol. 25(11):1329-33, 2007.
Antoniou AC, Cunningham AP, Peto J, et al. The BOADICEA model of genetic susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancers: updates and extensions. Br J Cancer. 98(8):1457-66, 2008.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet. 347:1713-27, 1996.
Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE, et al. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 8:65-72, 1997.
Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22(11):1931-43, 2013.
Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 346:2025-32, 2002.
Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, Angus V, Iversen L, Lee AJ. Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's oral contraception study. BMJ. 335(7621):651, 2007.
Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, et al. for the Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet. 371(9609):303-14, 2008.
Samson M, Porter N, Orekoya O, et al. Progestin and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 155(1):3-12, 2016.
Skegg DC, Noonan EA, Paul C, et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and breast cancer. A pooled analysis of the World Health Organization and New Zealand studies. JAMA. 273(10):799-804, 1995.
Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. New Product Review (September 2003). Norelgestromin/ethinyl oestradiol transdermal contraceptive system (Evra). J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 30(1):43-5, 2004.
Curtis KM, Marchbanks PA, Peterson HB. Neoplasia with use of intrauterine devices. Contraception. 75(6 Suppl):S60-9, 2007.
Dinger J, Bardenheuer K, Minh TD. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices and the risk of breast cancer. Contraception. 2011 Mar;83(3):211-7, 2011.
Li CI, Beaber EF, Chen Tang MT, Porter PL, Daling JR, Malone KE. Effect of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate on breast cancer risk among women 20 to 44 years of age. Cancer Res. 72(8):2028-35, 2012.
Heikkinen S, Koskenvuo M, Malila N, Sarkeala T, Pukkala E, Pitkäniemi J. Use of exogenous hormones and the risk of breast cancer: results from self-reported survey data with validity assessment. Cancer Causes Control. 27(2):249-58, 2016.
Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Shore RE, Koenig KL, et al. Postmenopausal levels of oestrogen, androgen, and SHBG and breast cancer: long-term results of a prospective study. Br J Cancer. 90(1):153-9, 2004.
Kaaks R, Rinaldi S, Key TJ, et al. Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Endocr Relat Cancer. 12(4):1071-82, 2005.
Zhang X, Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE. Postmenopausal plasma sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk over 20 years of follow-up. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 137(3):883-92, 2013.
Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Sex hormones and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women: a collaborative reanalysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies. Lancet Oncol. 14(10):1009-19, 2013.
Huang Z, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, et al. Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. JAMA. 278: 1407-11, 1997.
van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 152:514-27, 2000.
Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, Green J, Spencer E, Bull D. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. BMJ. 335(7630):1134, 2007.
Tworoger SS, Zhang X, Eliassen AH, et al. Inclusion of endogenous hormone levels in risk prediction models of postmenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 32(28):3111-7, 2014.
Suzuki R, Orsini N, Saji S, Key TJ, Wolk A. Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status--a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 124(3):698-712, 2009.
Hvidtfeldt UA, Gunter MJ, Lange T, et al. Quantifying mediating effects of endogenous estrogen and insulin in the relation between obesity, alcohol consumption, and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 21(7):1203-12, 2012.
Michels KB, Solomon CG, Hu FB, et al. for the Nurses' Health Study. Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study. Diabetes Care. 26(6):1752-8, 2003.
Boyle P1, Boniol M, Koechlin A, et al. Diabetes and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 107(9):1608-17, 2012.
De Bruijn KM, Arends LR, Hansen BE, Leeflang S, Ruiter R, van Eijck CH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality in breast and colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 100(11):1421-9, 2013.
Del Giudice ME, Fantus IG, Ezzat S, et al. Insulin and related factors in premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 47:111-20, 1998.
Eliassen AH, Tworoger SS, Mantzoros CS, Pollak MN, Hankinson SE. Circulating insulin and c-peptide levels and risk of breast cancer among predominately premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16(1):161-4, 2007.
Eliassen AH, Colditz GA, Rosner B, et al. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. JAMA. 296(2):193-201, 2006.
Vrieling A, Buck K, Kaaks R, Chang-Claude J. Adult weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 123(3):641-9, 2010.
Emaus MJ1, van Gils CH, Bakker MF, et al. Weight change in middle adulthood and breast cancer risk in the EPIC-PANACEA study. Int J Cancer. 135(12):2887-99, 2014.
Rosner B, Eliassen AH, Toriola AT, et al. Short-term weight gain and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor classification among pre- and postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 150(3):643-53, 2015.
Ahn J, Schatzkin A, Lacey JV Jr, et al. Adiposity, adult weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Arch Intern Med. 167(19):2091-102, 2007.
Teras LR, Goodman M, Patel AV, Diver WR, Flanders WD, Feigelson HS. Weight loss and postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of overweight and obese US women. Cancer Causes Control. 22(4):573-9, 2011.
Michels KB, Terry KL, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Adult weight change and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 130(4):902-9, 2012.
Harris HR, Willett WC, Terry KL, Michels KB. Body fat distribution and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study II. J Natl Cancer Inst. 103(3):273-8, 2011.
Kabat GC, Xue X, Kamensky V, Lane D, et al. Risk of breast, endometrial, colorectal, and renal cancers in postmenopausal women in association with a body shape index and other anthropometric measures. Cancer Causes Control. 26(2):219-29, 2015.
Harding JL, Shaw JE, Anstey KJ, et al. Comparison of anthropometric measures as predictors of cancer incidence: A pooled collaborative analysis of 11 Australian cohorts. Int J Cancer. 137(7):1699-708, 2015.
White AJ, Nichols HB, Bradshaw PT, Sandler DP. Overall and central adiposity and breast cancer risk in the Sister Study. Cancer. 2015 Oct 15;121(20):3700-8, 2015.
Gaudet MM, Carter BD, Patel AV, Teras LR, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM. Waist circumference, body mass index, and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 25(6):737-45, 2014.
Cauley JA, Lucas FL, Kuller LH, et al. Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. JAMA. 276: 1404-8, 1996.
Zhang Y, Kiel DP, Kreger BE, et al. Bone mass and the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 336:611-7, 1997.
Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Ljung BM, et al. Bone mass and breast cancer risk in older women: differences by stage at diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 336: 611-7, 2001.
Chen Z, Arendell L, Aickin M, Cauley J, Lewis CE, Chlebowski R for the Women's Health Initiative Program, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, US Department of Health and Human Services. Hip bone density predicts breast cancer risk independently of Gail score: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer. 113(5):907-15, 2008.
Grenier D, Cooke AL, Lix L, Metge C, Lu H, Leslie WD. Bone mineral density and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 126(3):679-86, 2011.
Qu X, Zhang X, Qin A, et al. Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 138(1):261-71, 2013.
Kerlikowske K, Shepherd J, Creasman J, Tice JA, Ziv E, Cummings SR. Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst. 97(5):368-74, 2005.
Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, et al. Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 356(3):227-36, 2007.
Yaghjyan L, Colditz GA, Collins LC, et al. Mammographic breast density and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women according to tumor characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst. 103(15):1179-89, 2011.
Pisano ED, Gatsonis C, Hendrick E, et al. for the Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) Investigators Group. Diagnostic performance of digital versus film mammography for breast-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 27;353(17):1773-83, 2005.
Melnikow J, Fenton JJ, Whitlock EP, et al. Supplemental screening for breast cancer in women with dense breasts: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 164:268-278, 2016.
Bernier MO, Plu-Bureau G, Bossard N, et al. Breastfeeding and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of published studies. Hum Reprod Update. 6:374-86, 2000.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breast feeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50,302 women with breast cancer and 96,973 women without the disease. Lancet 20:187-95, 2002.
Ma H, Bernstein L, Pike MC, Ursin G. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk according to joint estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Breast Cancer Res. 19;8(4):R43, 2006.
Shinde SS, Forman MR, Kuerer HM, et al. Higher parity and shorter breastfeeding duration: association with triple-negative phenotype of breast cancer. Cancer. 116(21):4933-43, 2010.
Palmer JR, Viscidi E, Troester MA, et al. Parity, lactation, and breast cancer subtypes in African American women: results from the AMBER Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(10):dju237, 2014.
Islami F, Liu Y, Jemal A, et al. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by receptor status--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 26(12):2398-407, 2015.
Gates MA, Rosner BA, Hecht JL, Tworoger SS. Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic subtype. Am J Epidemiol. 171(1):45-53, 2010.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health. Breastfeeding.
http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/
, 2014.
Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, Holmes MD, Willett WC. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 170(19):1758-64, 2010.
Wu Y, Zhang D, Kang S. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 137(3):869-82, 2013.
Hildebrand JS, Gapstur SM, Campbell PT, Gaudet MM, Patel AV. Recreational physical activity and leisure-time sitting in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22(10):1906-12, 2013.
Moore SC, Lee I-M, Weiderpass E, et al. Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults. JAMA Intern Med. 176(6):816-25, 2016.
Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, et al. for the American Cancer Society 2010 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin. 62(1):30-67, 2012.
McTiernan A, Wu L, Chen C, et al. for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Relation of BMI and physical activity to sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 14(9):1662-77, 2006.
Friedenreich CM, Woolcott CG, McTiernan A, et al. Alberta physical activity and breast cancer prevention trial: sex hormone changes in a year-long exercise intervention among postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 28(9):1458-66, 2010.
Smith AJ, Phipps WR, Thomas W, Schmitz KH, Kurzer MS. The effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen metabolism in healthy premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22:756-764, 2013.
Winzer BM, Whiteman DC, Reeves MM, Paratz JD. Physical activity and cancer prevention: a systematic review of clinical trials. Cancer Causes Control. 22(6):811-26, 2011.
Holmes MD, Chen WY, Feskanich D, Kroenke CH, Colditz GA. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. JAMA. 293(20):2479-86, 2005.
Holick CN, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A, et al. Physical activity and survival after diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17(2):379-86, 2008.
Chen X, Lu W, Zheng W, et al. Exercise after diagnosis of breast cancer in association with survival. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 4(9):1409-18, 2011.
Beasley JM, Kwan ML, Chen WY, et al. Meeting the physical activity guidelines and survival after breast cancer: findings from the after breast cancer pooling project. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 131(2):637-43, 2012.
Fong DY, Ho JW, Hui BP, et al. Physical activity for cancer survivors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 344:e70, 2012.
Schmid D, Leitzmann MF. Association between physical activity and mortality among breast cancer and colorectal cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 25(7):1293-311, 2014.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet. 358: 1389-99, 2001.
Pharoah PDP, Day NE, Duggy S, Easton DF, Ponder BAJ. Family history and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 71(5):800-9, 1997.
Kharazmi E, Chen T, Narod S, Sundquist K, Hemminki K. Effect of multiplicity, laterality, and age at onset of breast cancer on familial risk of breast cancer: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 144(1):185-92, 2014.
Anderson DE and Badzioch MD. Familial breast cancer risks. Effects of prostate and other cancers. Cancer. 72: 114-9, 1993.
Valeri A, Fournier G, Morin V, et al. Early onset and familial predisposition to prostate cancer significantly enhance the probability for breast cancer in first degree relatives. Int J Cancer. 86: 883-7, 2000.
Beebe-Dimmer JL, Yee C, Cote ML, et al. Familial clustering of breast and prostate cancer and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative Study. Cancer. 121(8):1265-72, 2015.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer screening and diagnosis, Version 1.2016.
http://www.nccn.org
, 2016.
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. Dietary carotenoids, and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 91:547-556, 1999.
Boggs DA, Palmer JR, Wise LA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 172(11):1268-79, 2010.
Aune D, Chan DS, Vieira AR, et al. Fruits, vegetables and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 134(2):479-93, 2012.
Jung S, Spiegelman D, Baglietto L, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of breast cancer by hormone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 105(3):219-36, 2013.
Emaus MJ, Peeters PH, Bakker MF, et al. Vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in the EPIC cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 103(1):168-77, 2016.
Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA. 282(13):1233-9, 1999.
Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 134(12):1106-14, 2001.
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. for the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 114(1):82-96, 2006.
Farvid MS, Chen WY, Michels KB, Cho E, Willett WC, Eliassen AH. Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ. 353:i2343, 2016.
Eliassen AH, Hendrickson SJ, Brinton LA, et al. Circulating carotenoids and risk of breast cancer: pooled analysis of eight prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 104(24):1905-16, 2012.
Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C and E intake and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Breast Cancer Res Treat. 119(3):753-65, 2010.
Maillard V, Kuriki K, Lefebvre B, et al. Serum carotenoid, tocopherol and retinol concentrations and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC study. Int J Cancer. 127(5):1188-96, 2010.
Cui Y, Shikany JM, Liu S, Shagufta Y, Rohan TE. Selected antioxidants and risk of hormone receptor-defined invasive breast cancers among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 87(4):1009-18, 2008.
Zhang X, Spiegelman D, Baglietto L, et al. Carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer defined by estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 18 prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 95(3):713-25, 2012.
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 330:1029 –35, 1994.
Druesne-Pecollo N, Latino-Martel P, Norat T, et al. Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cancer. 127(1):172-84, 2010.
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP.. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 159(12):824-34, 2013.
Green J, Cairns BJ, Casabonne D, Wright FL, Reeves G, Beral V; for the Million Women Study collaborators. Height and cancer incidence in the Million Women Study: prospective cohort, and meta-analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk. Lancet Oncol. 12(8):785-94, 2011.
Mellemkjær L, Christensen J, Frederiksen K, et al. Leg length, sitting height and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 107(1):165-8, 2012.
Kabat GC, Heo M, Kamensky V, Miller AB, Rohan TE. Adult height in relation to risk of cancer in a cohort of Canadian women. Int J Cancer. 132(5):1125-32, 2013.
Kabat GC, Anderson ML, Heo M, et al. Adult stature and risk of cancer at different anatomic sites in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22(8):1353-1363, 2013.
Ritte R, Lukanova A, Tjønneland A, et al. Height, age at menarche and risk of hormone receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer: a cohort study. Int J Cancer. 132(11):2619-29, 2013.
Wirén S, Häggström C, Ulmer H, et al. Pooled cohort study on height and risk of cancer and cancer death. Cancer Causes Control. 25(2):151-9, 2014.
Zhang B, Shu XO, Delahanty RJ, et al. Height and breast cancer risk: evidence from prospective studies and Mendelian randomization. J Natl Cancer Inst. 107(11). pii: djv219, 2015.
Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, et al. Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 353(3):229-37, 2005.
Dyrstad SW, Yan Y, Fowler AM, Colditz GA. Breast cancer risk associated with benign breast disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 149(3):569-75, 2015.
Menes TS, Kerlikowske K, Lange J, Jaffer S, Rosenberg R, Miglioretti DL. Subsequent breast cancer risk following diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia on needle biopsy. JAMA Oncol. 2016 Sep 8 [Epub ahead of print].
Hartmann LC, Radisky DC, Frost MH, et al. Understanding the premalignant potential of atypical hyperplasia through its natural history: a longitudinal cohort study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 7(2):211-7, 2014.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical practices guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer risk reduction. V.1.2016.
http://www.nccn.org
, 2016.
Malone KE, Daling JR, Doody DR, et al. Prevalence and predictors of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based study of breast cancer in white and black American women ages 35 to 64 years. Cancer Res. 66(16):8297-308, 2006.
Atchley DP, Albarracin CT, Lopez A, et al. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with BRCA-positive and BRCA-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 26(26):4282-8, 2008.
Comen E, Davids M, Kirchhoff T, Hudis C, Offit K, Robson M. Relative contributions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to "triple-negative" breast cancer in Ashkenazi women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 129(1):185-90, 2011.
Metcalfe K, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, et al. Contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 22(12):2328-35, 2004.
Graeser MK, Engel C, Rhiem K, et al. Contralateral breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 27(35):5887-92, 2009.
Malone KE, Begg CB, Haile RW, et al. Population-based study of the risk of second primary contralateral breast cancer associated with carrying a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. J Clin Oncol. 28(14):2404-10, 2010.
Domchek SM, Peshkin BN, Schwartz MD, Isaacs C. Chapter 17: Genetic Testing and Management of Patients with Hereditary Breast Cancer, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
Metcalfe K, Gershman S, Lynch HT et al. Predictors of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer. 104(9):1384-92, 2011.
van den Broek AJ, van 't Veer LJ, Hooning MJ, et al. Impact of age at primary breast cancer on contralateral breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 34(5):409-18, 2016.
Fentiman IS, Fourquet A, Hortobagyi GN. Male breast cancer. Lancet. 367(9510):595-604, 2006.
Liede A, Karlan BY, Narod SA. Cancer risks for male carriers of germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2: a review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 22(4):735-42, 2004.
Thorlacius S, Sigurdsson S, Bjarnadottir H, et al. Study of a single BRCA2 mutation with high carrier frequency in a small population. Am J Hum Genet. 60(5): 1079–1084, 1997.
Leongamornlert D, Mahmud N, Tymrakiewicz M, et al. Germline BRCA1 mutations increase prostate cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 106(10):1697-701, 2012.
American Cancer Society. What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovariancancer/detailedguide/ovarian-cancer-risk-factors
, 2016.
Rebbeck TR, Kauff ND, Domchek SM. Meta-analysis of risk reduction estimates associated with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(2):80-7, 2009.
Feig SA. Adverse effects of screening mammography. Radiol Clin North Am. 42: 807-19, 2004.
Berrington de Gonzalez A, Reeves G. Mammographic screening before age 50 years in the UK: comparison of the radiation risks with the mortality benefits. Br J Cancer. 93:590-6, 2005.
Gøtzsche PC, Nielsen M. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (4):CD001877, 2009.
Pijpe A, Andrieu N, Easton DF, et al for GENEPSO; EMBRACE; HEBON. Exposure to diagnostic radiation and risk of breast cancer among carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations: retrospective cohort study (GENE-RAD-RISK). BMJ. 345:e5660, 2012.
Jernström H, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, et al. Breast-feeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96: 1094-8, 2004.
Pijpe A, Manders P, Brohet RM, et al. for the Netherlands Collaborative Group on Hereditary Breast Cancer (HEBON). Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 120(1):235-44, 2010.
Cullinane CA, Lubinski J, Neuhausen SL, et al. Effect of pregnancy as a risk factor for breast cancer in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers. Int J Cancer. 117(6):988-91, 2005.
Friebel TM, Domchek SM, Rebbeck TR. Modifiers of cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(6):dju091, 2014.
Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 31(33):4188-98, 2013.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Genetic/familial high-risk assessment—breast and ovarian, Version 2.2015.
http://www.nccn.org
, 2016.
Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, et al. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the Nurses' Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 93(20):1563-8, 2001.
Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology. 17(1):108-11, 2006.
Ijaz S, Verbeek J, Seidler A, et al. Night-shift work and breast cancer--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 39(5):431-47, 2013.
Schernhammer ES, Berrino F, Krogh V,et al. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 100(12):898-905, 2008.
Brown SB, Hankinson SE, Eliassen AH, et al. Urinary melatonin concentration and the risk of breast cancer in Nurses' Health Study II. Am J Epidemiol. 181(3):155-62, 2015.
King TA and Reis-Filho JS. Chapter 22: Lobular Carcinoma In Situ: Biology and Management, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
Bagaria SP, Shamonki J, Kinnaird M, Ray PS, Giuliano AE. The florid subtype of lobular carcinoma in situ: marker or precursor for invasive lobular carcinoma? Ann Surg Oncol. 18(7):1845-51, 2011.
Shah-Khan MG, Geiger XJ, Reynolds C, Jakub JW, Deperi ER, Glazebrook KN. Long-term follow-up of lobular neoplasia (atypical lobular hyperplasia/lobular carcinoma in situ) diagnosed on core needle biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol. 19(10):3131-8, 2012.
Andrade VP, Ostrovnaya I, Seshan VE, et al. Clonal relatedness between lobular carcinoma in situ and synchronous malignant lesions. Breast Cancer Res. 14(4):R103, 2012.
Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. for the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project. Update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 Trial: Preventing breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res. 3(6):696-706, 2010.
Goss PE, Ingle JN, Alés-Martínez JE, et al. for the NCIC CTG MAP.3 Study Investigators. Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 364(25):2381-91, 2011.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Menopause and hormones: Common questions.
http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/ucm118624.htm
, 2015.
Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 332: 1589-93, 1995.
Schairer C, Lubin J, Troisi R, et al. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 283:485-91, 2000.
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 288(3):321-33, 2002.
Beral V for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 362:419-27, 2003.
Bakken K, Fournier A, Lund E, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: impact of different treatments. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 128(1):144-56, 2011.
Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 289:3243-53, 2003.
Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 310(13):1353-1368, 2013.
Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 166(9):1027-1032, 2006.
Brinton LA, Richesson D, Leitzmann MF, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers P113-119]rev. 17(11):3150-60, 2008.
Schierbeck LL, Rejnmark L, Tofteng CL, et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial. BMJ. 345:e6409, 2012.
Holmberg L, Iverson OE, Rudenstam CM, et al., for the HABITS Study Group. Increased risk of recurrence after hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors.J Natl Cancer Inst. 100(7):475-82, 2008.
Fahlén M, Fornander T, Johansson H, et al. Hormone replacement therapy after breast cancer: 10 year follow up of the Stockholm randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 49(1):52-9, 2013.
Gao X, Fisher SG, Emami B. Risk of second primary cancer in the contralateral breast in women treated for early-stage breast cancer: a population-based study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 56(4):1038-45, 2003.
Trentham-Dietz A, Newcomb PA, Nichols HB, Hampton JM. Breast cancer risk factors and second primary malignancies among women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 105(2):195-207, 2007.
Lee JM, Buist DS, Houssami N, et al. Five-year risk of interval-invasive second breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 107(7), 2015.
Ricceri F, Fasanelli F, Giraudo MT, et al. Risk of second primary malignancies in women with breast cancer: Results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 137(4):940-8, 2015.
Nsouli-Maktabi HH, Henson DE, Younes N, Young HA, Cleary SD. Second primary breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers in Black and White breast cancer survivors over a 35-year time span: effect of age. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 129(3):963-9, 2011.
Kurian AW, McClure LA, John EM, Horn-Ross PL, Ford JM, Clarke CA. Second primary breast cancer occurrence according to hormone receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(15):1058-65, 2009.
Bessonova L, Taylor TH, Mehta RS, Zell JA, Anton-Culver H. Risk of a second breast cancer associated with hormone-receptor and HER2/neu status of the first breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 20(2):389-96, 2011.
Saltzman BS, Malone KE, McDougall JA, Daling JR, Li CI. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2-neu expression in first primary breast cancers and risk of second primary contralateral breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 135(3):849-55, 2012.
Van Zee KJ, White J, Morrow M, Harris JR. Chapter 23: Ductal carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014.
Falk RS, Hofvind S, Skaane P, Haldorsen T. Second events following ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a register-based cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 129(3):929-38, 2011.
Wärnberg F, Garmo H, Emdin S, et al. Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ: 20 years follow-up in the randomized SweDCIS Trial. J Clin Oncol. 32(32):3613-8, 2014.
Shah C, Wobb J, Manyam B, et al. Management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a review. JAMA Oncol. 2(8):1083-8, 2016.
Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin's disease: report from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 21(23):4386-94, 2003.
Hodgson DC, Gilbert ES, Dores GM, et al. Long-term solid cancer risk among 5-year survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 25(12):1489-97, 2007.
Swerdlow AJ, Cooke R, Bates A, et al. Breast cancer risk after supradiaphragmatic radiotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma in England and Wales: a National Cohort Study. J Clin Oncol. 30(22):2745-52, 2012.
Ibrahim EM, Abouelkhair KM, Kazkaz GA, Elmasri OA, Al-Foheidi M. Risk of second breast cancer in female Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 12:197, 2012.
Moskowitz CS, Chou JF, Wolden SL, et al. Breast cancer after chest radiation therapy for childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol. 32(21):2217-23, 2014.
Schaapveld M, Aleman BM, van Eggermond AM, et al. Second cancer risk up to 40 years after treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 373(26):2499-511, 2015.
Koivisto-Korander R, Scélo G, Ferro G, et al. Second primary malignancies among women with uterine sarcoma. Gynecol Oncol. 126(1):30-5, 2012.
Song F, Qureshi AA, Giovannucci EL, et al. Risk of a second primary cancer after non-melanoma skin cancer in white men and women: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 10(4):e1001433, 2013.
Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Sluss P, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 25(12):1482-8, 2007.
Tikk K, Sookthai D, Johnson T, et al. Circulating prolactin and breast cancer risk among pre- and postmenopausal women in the EPIC cohort. Ann Oncol. 25(7):1422-8, 2014.
Guibout C, Adjadu E, Rubino C. et al. Malignant breast tumors after radiotherapy for a first cancer during childhood. J Clin Oncol. 23(1):197-204, 2005.
Inskip PD, Sigurdson AJ, Veiga L, et al. Radiation-related new primary solid cancers in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study: comparative radiation dose response and modification of treatment effects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 94(4):800-7, 2016.
Yaffe MJ, Mainprize JG. Risk of radiation-induced breast cancer from mammographic screening. Radiology. 258(1):98-105, 2011.
Siu AL on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 164(4):279-96, 2016.
Zeeb H, Blettner M, Langner I, et al. Mortality from cancer and other causes among airline cabin attendants in Europe: a collaborative cohort study in eight countries. Am J Epidemiol. 158(1):35-46, 2003.
Rushton L, Bagga S, Bevan R, et al. Occupation and cancer in Britain. Br J Cancer. 102(9):1428-37, 2010.
Pukkala E, Helminen M, Haldorsen T, et al. Cancer incidence among Nordic airline cabin crew. Int J Cancer. 131(12):2886-97, 2012.
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. (editors). SEER Stat Fact sheet: female breast cancer. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD,
http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html
, 2016.
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. (editors). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2012. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD,
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/
, 2015.
Chlebowski RT, Chen Z, Anderson GL, et al. Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 16;97(6):439-48, 2005.
Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD. Decline in US breast cancer rates after the Women's Health Initiative: socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differentials. Am J Public Health. 100 Suppl 1:S132-9, 2010.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures for Hispanics/Latinos: 2012-2014, 2012.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans: 2016-2018, 2016.
Warner ET, Tamimi RM, Boggs DA, et al. Estrogen receptor positive tumors: do reproductive factors explain differences in incidence between black and white women? Cancer Causes Control. 24(4):731-9, 2013.
Haiman CA, Pike MC, Bernstein L, et al. Ethnic differences in ovulatory function in nulliparous women. Br J Cancer. 86:367-71, 2002.
Wu T, Mendola P, Buck GM. Ethnic differences in the presence of secondary sex characteristics and menarche among US girls: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Pediatrics. 110:752-7, 2002.
Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A. Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart. Pediatrics. 111:844-50, 2003.
Stark A, Kleer CG, Martin I, et al. African ancestry and higher prevalence of triple-negative breast cancer: findings from an international study. Cancer. 116(21):4926-32, 2010.
Howlader N, Altekruse SF, Li CI, et al. US incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by joint hormone receptor and HER2 status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(5), 2014.
Kohler BA, Sherman RL, Howlader N, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2011, featuring incidence of breast cancer subtypes by race/ethnicity, poverty, and state. J Natl Cancer Inst. 107(6), 2015.
Morris GJ, Naidu S, Topham AK, et al. Differences in breast carcinoma characteristics in newly diagnosed African-American and Caucasian patients: a single-institution compilation compared with the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Cancer. 110(4):876-84, 2007.
Voduc KD, Cheang MC, Tyldesley S, Gelmon K, Nielsen TO, Kennecke H. Breast cancer subtypes and the risk of local and regional relapse. J Clin Oncol. 28(10):1684-91, 2010.
Lin NU, Vanderplas A, Hughes ME, et al. Clinicopathologic features, patterns of recurrence, and survival among women with triple-negative breast cancer in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Cancer. 118(22):5463-72, 2012.
Gaudet MM, Press MF, Haile RW, et al. Risk factors by molecular subtypes of breast cancer across a population-based study of women 56 years or younger. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 130(2):587-97, 2011.
Chen L, Li CI, Tang MC, et al. Reproductive factors and risk of luminal, HER2-overexpressing and triple negative breast cancer among multiethnic women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 25(9):1297-304, 2016.
Yost K, Perkins C, Cohen R, et al. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race/ethnic groups. Cancer Causes Control. 12: 703-11, 2001.
Braaten T, Weiderpass E, Kumle M, et al. Education and risk of breast cancer in the Norwegian-Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort study. Int J Cancer. 110: 579-83, 2004.
Braaten T, Weiderpass E, Kumle M, Lund E. Explaining the socioeconomic variation in cancer risk in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14(11 Pt 1):2591-7, 2005.
Fujino Y, Mori M, Tamakoshi A, et al. for the JACC Study Group. A prospective study of educational background and breast cancer among Japanese women. Cancer Causes Control. 19(9):931-7, 2008.
Keegan TH, John EM, Fish KM, Alfaro-Velcamp T, Clarke CA, Gomez SL. Breast cancer incidence patterns among California Hispanic women: differences by nativity and residence in an enclave. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19(5):1208-18, 2010.
Larsen SB, Olsen A, Lynch J, et al. Socioeconomic position and lifestyle in relation to breast cancer incidence among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study, Denmark, 1993-2006. Cancer Epidemiol. 35(5):438-41, 2011.
Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Wise LA, Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L. Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status in relation to breast cancer incidence in African-American women. Am J Epidemiol. 176(12):1141-6. 2012.
Lundqvist A, Andersson E, Ahlberg I, Nilbert M, Gerdtham U. Socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer incidence and mortality in Europe-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2016 May 23. [Epub ahead of print].
Thomson CA, McCullough ML, Wertheim BC, et al. Nutrition and physical activity cancer prevention guidelines, cancer risk, and mortality in the women's health initiative. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 7(1):42-53, 2014.
Bradbury KE, Balkwill A, Spencer EA, et al. for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Organic food consumption and the incidence of cancer in a large prospective study of women in the United Kingdom. Br J Cancer. 110(9):2321-6, 2014.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer, Version 2.2016.
http://www.nccn.org
, 2016.
Bolton KL, Chenevix-Trench G, Goh C, et al for the EMBRACE, kConFab Investigators and Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Association between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and survival in women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. JAMA. 307(4):382-90, 2012.
Yang D, Khan S, Sun Y, et al. Association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with survival, chemotherapy sensitivity, and gene mutator phenotype in patients with ovarian cancer. JAMA. 306(14):1557-65, 2011.
Lesnock JL, Darcy KM, Tian C, et al. BRCA1 expression and improved survival in ovarian cancer patients treated with intraperitoneal cisplatin and paclitaxel: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Br J Cancer. 108(6):1231-7, 2013.
McLaughlin JR, Rosen B, Moody J, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. Long-term ovarian cancer survival associated with mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. 105(2):141-8, 2013.
Hartmann LC, Schaid DJ, Woods JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 340:77-84, 1999.
Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Schaid DJ, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 93:1633-7, 2001.
Lostumbo L, Carbine NE, Wallace J. Prophylactic mastectomy for the prevention of breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (11):CD002748, 2010.
Hartmann LC, Lindor NM. The role of risk-reducing surgery in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 374(5):454-68, 2016.
van Roosmalen MS, Verhoef LC, Stalmeier PF, et al. Decision analysis of prophylactic surgery or screening for BRCA1 mutation carriers: a more prominent role for oophorectomy. J Clin Oncol. 20:2092-100, 2002.
Sigal BM, Munoz DF, Kurian AW, Plevritis SK. A simulation model to predict the impact of prophylactic surgery and screening on the life expectancy of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 21(7):1066-77, 2012.
Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, et al. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med. 346:1609-15, 2002.
Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med. 346:1616-22, 2002.
Kauff ND, Domchek SM, Friebel TM, et al. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy for the prevention of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast and gynecologic cancer: a multicenter, prospective study. J Clin Oncol. 26(8):1331-7, 2008.
Rebbeck TR, Kauff ND, Domchek SM. Meta-analysis of risk reduction estimates associated with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(2):80-7, 2009.
Kurian AW, Sigal BM, Plevritis SK. Survival analysis of cancer risk reduction strategies for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 28:222-231, 2010.
Finch AP, Lubinski J, Møller P, et al. Impact of oophorectomy on cancer incidence and mortality in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. J Clin Oncol. 32(15):1547-53, 2014.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing and the consequences to the public.
http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/testimony/ucm219925.htm
, 2010.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Genomic testing.
www.cdc.gov/genomics/gtesting/index.htm
, 2013.
U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Direct-to-consumer genetic tests.
http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0166-direct-consumer-genetic-tests
, 2014.
Cauley JA, Norton L, Lippman ME, et al. Continued breast cancer risk reduction in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene: 4-year results from the MORE trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 65:125-34, 2001.
Martino S, Cauley JA, Barrett-Connor E, et al. for the CORE Investigators. Continuing outcomes relevant to Evista: breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in a randomized trial of raloxifene. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96(23):1751-1761, 2004.
Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for Prevention of Breast Cancer: Current Status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 97(22):1652-62, 2005.
Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 355(2):125-37, 2006.
Veronesi U, Maisonneuve P, Rotmensz N, et al. for the Italian Tamoxifen Study Group. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: late results of the Italian Randomized Tamoxifen Prevention Trial among women with hysterectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 99(9):727-37, 2007.
Cuzick J, Sestak I, Bonanni B, et al. for the SERM Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer Overview Group. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators in prevention of breast cancer: an updated meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 381(9880):1827-34, 2013.
Nelson HD, Smith ME, Griffin JC, Fu R. Use of medications to reduce risk for primary breast cancer: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 158(8):604-14, 2013.
Cuzick J, Sestak I, Cawthorn S, et al. for the IBIS-I Investigators. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: extended long-term follow-up of the IBIS-I breast cancer prevention trial. Lancet Oncol. 16(1):67-75, 2015.
Goetz MP, Knox SK, Suman VJ, et al. The impact of cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 101(1):113-21, 2007.
King MC, Wieand S, Hale K, et al. Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. JAMA. 286:2251-6, 2001.
Mavaddat N, Barrowdale D, Andrulis IL, et al. for the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2. Pathology of breast and ovarian cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 21(1):134-47, 2012.
Gronwald J, Tung N, Foulkes WD, et al. for the Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. Tamoxifen and contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers: an update. Int J Cancer.118(9):2281-4, 2006.
Phillips KA, Milne RL, Rookus MA, et al. Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 31(25):3091-9, 2013.
Gail MH, Costantino JP, Bryant J, et al. Weighing the risks and benefits of tamoxifen treatment for preventing breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 91(21):1829-46, 1999.
Freedman AN, Graubard BI, Rao SR, McCaskill-Stevens W, Ballard-Barbash R, Gail MH. Estimates of the number of US women who could benefit from tamoxifen for breast cancer chemoprevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 95(7):526-32, 2003.
Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al. on behalf of the IBIS-II investigators. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-II): an international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 383(9922):1041-8, 2014.
Jakesz R, Jonat W, Gnant M, et al. on behalf of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG) and the German Adjuvant Breast Cancer Group (GABG). Switching of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer to anastrozole after 2 years’ adjuvant tamoxifen: combined results of ABCSG trial 8 and ARNO 95 trial. Lancet. 366(9484):455-62, 2005.
Forbes JF, Cuzick J, Budzar A, Howell A, Tobias JS, Baum M for the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trialists’ Group. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 9(1):45-53, 2008.
Eastell R, Adams JE, Coleman RE, et al. Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the anastrozole, tamoxifen, alone or in combination trial 18233230. J Clin Oncol. 26(7):1051-7, 2008.
Maunsell E, Goss PE, Chlebowski RT, et al. Quality of life in MAP.3 (Mammary Prevention 3): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating exemestane for prevention of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 32(14):1427-36, 2014.
Frost MH, Schaid DJ, Sellers TA, et al. Long-term satisfaction and psychological and social function following bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. JAMA. 284:319-24, 2000.
Barton MB, West CN, Liu IL, et al. Complications following bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. (35):61-6, 2005.
Brandberg Y, Sandelin K, Erikson S, et al. Psychological reactions, quality of life, and body image after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women at high risk for breast cancer: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol. 26(24):3943-9, 2008.
Cummings SR, Ensrud K, Delmas PD, et al. for the PEARL Study Investigators. Lasofoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 362(8):686-96, 2010.
Visvanathan K1, Hurley P, Bantug E, et al. Use of pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 31(23):2942-62, 2013.
Mocellin S, Pilati P, Briarava M, Nitti D. Breast cancer chemoprevention: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 108(2), djv318, 2016.
Khan SA. Chapter 19: Management of Other High-Risk Patients, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Safety communication: Breast cancer screening - nipple aspirate test is not an alternative to mammography.
http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/safety/alertsandnotices/ucm378389.htm
, 2013.
Larsson SC, Akesson A, Wolk A. Long-term dietary acrylamide intake and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of Swedish women. Am J Epidemiol. 169(3):376-81, 2009.
Wilson KM, Mucci LA, Rosner BA, Willett WC. A prospective study on dietary acrylamide intake and the risk for breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19(10):2503-15, 2010.
Burley VJ, Greenwood DC, Hepworth SJ, et al. Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of breast cancer in the UK women's cohort. Br J Cancer. 103(11):1749-54, 2010.
Pelucchi C, Bosetti C, Galeone C, La Vecchia C. Dietary acrylamide and cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 136(12):2912-22, 2015.
Michels KB, Rosner BA, Chumlea WC, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Preschool diet and adult risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 118(3):749-54, 2005.
Knekt P, Adlercreutz H, Rissanen H, Aromaa A, Teppo L, Heliovaara M. Does antibacterial treatment for urinary tract infection contribute to the risk of breast cancer? Br J Cancer. 82:1107-10, 2000.
Velicer CM, Heckbert SR, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Robertson CA, Taplin SH. Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 291:827-35, 2004.
Sorensen HT, Skriver MV, Friis S, McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ, Baron JA. Use of antibiotics and risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. Br J Cancer. 92:594-6, 2005.
Kaye JA, Jick H. Antibiotics and the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology. 16:688-90, 2005.
Garcia Rodriguez LA, Gonzalez-Perez A. Use of antibiotics and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 161:616-9, 2005.
Friedman GD, Oestreicher N, Chan J, Quesenberry CP Jr., Udaltsova N, Habel LA. Antibiotics and risk of breast cancer: up to 9 years of follow-up of 2.1 million women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15(11):2102-6, 2006.
Fulton-Kehoe D, Rossing MA, Rutter C, Mandelson MT, Weiss NS. Use of antidepressant medications in relation to the incidence of breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 94(7):1071-8, 2006.
Eom CS, Park SM, Cho KH. Use of antidepressants and the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Dec;136(3):635-45, 2012.
Brown SB, Hankinson SE, Arcaro KF, Qian J, Reeves KW. Depression, antidepressant use, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 25(1):158-64, 2016.
Takkouche B, Regueira-Méndez C, Etminan M. Breast cancer and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 100(20):1439-47, 2008.
Bosco JL, Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Hatch EE, Rosenberg L. Regular aspirin use and breast cancer risk in US Black women. Cancer Causes Control. 22(11):1553-61, 2011.
Algra AM, Rothwell PM. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 13(5):518-27, 2012.
Zhong S, Chen L, Zhang X, Yu D, Tang J, Zhao J. Aspirin use and risk of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 24(11):1645-55, 2015.
Jacobs EJ, Thun MJ, Bain EB, Rodriguez C, Henley SJ, Calle EE. A large cohort study of long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin and cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 99(8):608-15, 2007.
Eliassen AH, Chen WY, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE. Use of aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and acetaminophen and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Arch Intern Med. 169(2):115-21, 2009.
Zhang X, Smith-Warner SA, Collins LC, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Use of aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and acetaminophen and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. J Clin Oncol. 30(28):3468-77, 2012.
Kim S, Shore DL, Wilson LE, et al. Lifetime use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study of women with a sister with breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 15:960, 2015.
Cook NR, Lee IM, Zhang SM, Moorthy MV, Buring JE. Alternate-day, low-dose aspirin and cancer risk: long-term observational follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 159(2):77-85, 2013.
Holmes MD, Chen WY, Li L, Hertzmark E, Spiegelman D, Hankinson SE. Aspirin intake and survival after breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 28(9):1467-72, 2010.
Ahlgren M, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Sørensen TI. Growth patterns and the risk of breast cancer in women. N Engl J Med. 351(16):1619-26, 2004.
Park SK, Kang D, McGlynn KA, et al. Intrauterine environments and breast cancer risk: meta-analysis and systematic review. Breast Cancer Res. 10(1):R8, 2008.
Hajiebrahimi M, Bahmanyar S, Öberg S, Iliadou AN, Cnattingius S. Breast cancer risk in opposite-sexed twins: influence of birth weight and co-twin birth weight. J Natl Cancer Inst. 105(23):1833-6, 2013.
Andersen ZJ, Baker JL, Bihrmann K, Vejborg I, Sørensen TI, Lynge E. Birth weight, childhood body mass index, and height in relation to mammographic density and breast cancer: a register-based cohort study. Breast Cancer Res. 16(1):R4, 2014.
Yang TO, Reeves GK, Green J, et al. for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Birth weight and adult cancer incidence: large prospective study and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 25(9):1836-43, 2014.
Sandvei MS, Lagiou P, Romundstad PR, Trichopoulos D, Vatten LJ. Size at birth and risk of breast cancer: update from a prospective population-based study. Eur J Epidemiol. 30(6):485-92, 2015.
Akinyemiju TF, Tehranifar P, Flom JD, Liao Y, Wei Y, Terry MB. Early life growth, socioeconomic status, and mammographic breast density in an urban US birth cohort. Ann Epidemiol. 26(8):540-545, 2016.
Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Missmer SA, et al. Birthweight and body size throughout life in relation to sex hormones and prolactin concentrations in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15(12):2494-501, 2006.
Spracklen CN, Wallace RB, Sealy-Jefferson S, et al. Birth weight and subsequent risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 38(5):538-43, 2014.
Franceschi S, Favero A, La Vecchia C, et al. Body size indices and breast cancer risk before and after menopause. Int J Cancer. 67:181-6, 1996.
Tavani A, Pregnolato A, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Favero A, Franceschi S. Breast size and breast cancer risk. Eur J Cancer Prev. 5:337-42, 1996.
Egan KM, Newcomb PA, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al. The relation of breast size to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 10:115-8, 1999.
Kusano AS, Trichopoulos D, Terry KL, Chen WY, Willett WC, Michels KB. A prospective study of breast size and premenopausal breast cancer incidence. Int J Cancer. 118(8):2031-4, 2006.
Chen L, Malone KE, Li CI. Bra wearing not associated with breast cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23(10):2181-5, 2014.
Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Yen YY, Petridou E, Adami HO. Breast-feeding and breast cancer in the offspring. Br J Cancer. 67(4):842-5, 1993.
Weiss HA, Potischman NA, Brinton LA, et al. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for breast cancer in young women. Epidemiology. 8(2):181-7, 1997.
Titus-Ernstoff L, Egan KM, Newcomb PA, et al. Exposure to breast milk in infancy and adult breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90(12):921-4, 1998.
Michels KB, Trichopoulos D, Rosner BA, et al. Being breastfed in infancy and breast cancer incidence in adult life: results from the two nurses' health studies. Am J Epidemiol. 153(3):275-83, 2001.
Wise LA, Titus-Ernstoff L, Newcomb PA, et al. Exposure to breast milk in infancy and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 20(7):1083-90, 2009.
Moorman PG, Terry PD. Consumption of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer: a review of the literature. Am J Clin Nutr. 80:5-14, 2004.
Ganmaa D, Sato A. The possible role of female sex hormones in milk from pregnant cows in the development of breast, ovarian and corpus uteri cancers. Med Hypotheses. 65:1028-37, 2005.
Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, et al. for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 100(22):1581-91, 2008.
Shin MH, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 94(17):1301-11, 2002.
Pala V, Krogh V, Berrino F, et al. Meat, eggs, dairy products, and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 90(3):602-12, 2009.
Missmer SA, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et al. Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 31:78-85, 2002.
Dong JY, Zhang L, He K, Qin LQ. Dairy consumption and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 127(1):23-31, 2011.
Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 95:1079-85, 2003.
Hatch EE, Palmer JR, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al. Cancer risk in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. JAMA. 280(7):630-4, 1998.
Palmer JR, Hatch EE, Rosenburg CL, et al. Risk of breast cancer in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: prelimiinary results (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 13(8):753-8, 2002.
Palmer JR, Wise LA, Hatch EE, et al. Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15(8):1509-14, 2006.
Troisi R, Hatch EE, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al. Cancer risk in women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol. Int J Cancer. 121(2):356-60, 2007.
Xue F, Michels KB. Intrauterine factors and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current evidence. Lancet Oncol. 8(12):1088-100, 2007.
Verloop J, van Leeuwen FE, Helmerhorst TJ, van Boven HH, Rookus MA. Cancer risk in DES daughters. Cancer Causes Control. 21(7):999-1007, 2010.
Hoover RN, Hyer M, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Adverse health outcomes in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. N Engl J Med. 365:1304-1314, 2011.
Lawlor DA, Smith GD and Ebrahim S. Hyperinsulinaemia and increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 15:267-75, 2004.
Verheus M, Peeters PH, Rinaldi S, et al. Serum C-peptide levels and breast cancer risk: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 119(3):659-67, 2006.
Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H, et al. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(1):48-60, 2009.
Kabat GC, Kim M, Caan BJ, et al. Repeated measures of serum glucose and insulin in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 125(11):2704-10, 2009.
Smith-Warner SA, Speigelman D, Adami HO, et al. Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer. 92:767-774, 2001.
Boyd NF, Stone J, Vogt KN, Connelly BS, Martin LJ, Minkin S. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Br J Cancer. 89(9):1672-85, 2003.
Kim EHJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary fat and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a 20-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol. 164(10):990-7, 2006.
Prentice RL, Chlebowski RT, Patterson R, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 295(6):629-42, 2006.
Sieri S, Krogh V, Ferrari P, et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 88(5):1304-12, 2008.
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Cairns BJ, et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer: comparison of results from food diaries and food-frequency questionnaires in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. Am J Clin Nutr. 94(4):1043-52, 2011.
Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC. Premenopausal dietary fat in relation to pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 145(1):255-65, 2014.
Linos E, Willett WC, Cho E, Frazier L. Adolescent diet in relation to breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19(3):689-96, 2010.
Venn A, Watson L, Bruinsma F, Giles G, Healy D. Risk of cancer after use of fertility drugs with in-vitro fertilisation. Lancet. 354:1586-90, 1999.
Jensen A, Sharif H, Svare EI, Frederiksen K, Kjaer SK. Risk of breast cancer after exposure to fertility drugs: results from a large Danish cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16(7):1400-7, 2007.
Silva Idos S, Wark PA, McCormack VA, et al. Ovulation-stimulation drugs and cancer risks: a long-term follow-up of a British cohort. Br J Cancer. 100(11):1824-31, 2009.
Zreik TG, Mazloom A, Chen Y, et al. Fertility drugs and the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis and review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 124(1):13-26, 2010.
Fei C, Deroo LA, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR. Fertility drugs and young-onset breast cancer: results from the two sister study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 104(13):1021-7, 2012.
Brinton LA, Scoccia B, Moghissi KS, et al. Long-term relationship of ovulation-stimulating drugs to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23(4):584-93, 2014.
Gennari A, Costa M, Puntoni M, et al. Breast cancer incidence after hormonal treatments for infertility: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 150(2):405-13, 2015.
van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Spaan M, Lambalk CB, et al. Ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization and long-term risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 316(3):300-12, 2016.
Reigstad MM, Larsen IK, Myklebust TÅ, et al. Risk of breast cancer following fertility treatment--a registry based cohort study of parous women in Norway. Int J Cancer. 136(5):1140-8, 2015.
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, et al. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 281(17):1632-7, 1999.
Feigelson HS, Jonas CR, Robertson AS, McCullough ML, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Alcohol, folate, methionine, and risk of incident breast cancer in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 12(2):161-4, 2003.
Ishitani K, Lin J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM. A prospective study of multivitamin supplement use and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 167(10):1197-206, 2008.
Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Folate intake and risk of breast cancer by estrogen and progesterone receptor status in a Swedish cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17(12):3444-9, 2008.
Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson C, et al. Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts. Arch Intern Med. 169(3):294-304, 2009.
Qin X, Cui Y, Shen L, et al. Folic acid supplementation and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cancer. 133(5):1033-41, 2013.
Vollset SE, Clarke R, Lewington S, et al. for the B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of folic acid supplementation on overall and site-specific cancer incidence during the randomised trials: meta-analyses of data on 50,000 individuals. Lancet. 381(9871):1029-36, 2013.
Tio M, Andrici J, Eslick GD. Folate intake and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 145(2):513-24, 2014.
Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 363(9418):1346-7, 2004.
Schernhammer ES, Holly JM, Pollak MN, Hankinson SE. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14(3):699-704, 2005.
Baglietto L, English DR, Hopper JL, Morris HA, Tilley WD, Giles GG. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and binding protein-3 and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16(4):763-8, 2007.
Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, Roddam AW for the Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. Lancet Oncol. 11(6):530-42, 2010.
Kaaks R, Johnson T, Tikk K, et al. for European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Insulin-like growth factor I and risk of breast cancer by age and hormone receptor status-A prospective study within the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer. 134(11):2683-90, 2014.
Zheng W, Gustafson DR, Sinha R, et al. Well-done meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90:1724-9, 1998.
Alexander DD, Morimoto LM, Mink PJ, Cushing CA. A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer. Nutr Res Rev. 23(2):349-65, 2010.
Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC. Adolescent meat intake and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 136(8):1909-20, 2015.
Kabat GC, Cross AJ, Park Y, et al. Meat intake and meat preparation in relation to risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Int J Cancer. 124(10):2430-5, 2009.
Ferrucci LM, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, et al. Intake of meat, meat mutagens, and iron and the risk of breast cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Br J Cancer. 101(1):178-84, 2009.
Wu K, Sinha R, Holmes MD, Giovannucci E, Willett W, Cho E. Meat mutagens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women--a cohort analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19(5):1301-10, 2010.
Fu Z, Deming SL, Fair AM, et al. Well-done meat intake and meat-derived mutagen exposures in relation to breast cancer risk: the Nashville Breast Health Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 129(3):919-28, 2011.
Kvaskoff M, Bijon A, Mesrine S, et al. Association between melanocytic nevi and risk of breast diseases: The French E3N prospective cohort. PLoS Med. 11(6):e1001660, 2014.
Zhang M, Zhang X, Qureshi AA, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Han J. Association between cutaneous nevi and breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 11(6):e1001659, 2014.
Darbre PD, Harvey PW. Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. J Appl Toxicol. 28(5):561-78, 2008.
Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final amended report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, and benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products. Int J Toxicol. 27 Suppl 4:1-82, 2008.
Cosmetic Ingredient Review. 2012 Annual Report. Washington, DC.
http://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/2012%20CIR%20Annual%20Report.pdf
, 2012.
Golden R, Gandy J, Vollmer G. A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health. Crit Rev Toxicol. 35:435-58, 2005.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA continues to study BPA.
http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm297954.htm
, 2015.
Center for the Evaluation of Risks To Human Reproduction. NTP-CERHR Monograph on the potential human reproductive and development effects of bisphenol A. National Toxicology Program and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH Publication No. 08–5994. Research Triangle Park, NC.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/bisphenol/bisphenol.pdf
, 2008.
National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bisphenol A (BPA).
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa/
, 2010.
Trabert B, Falk RT, Figueroa JD, et al. Urinary bisphenol A-glucuronide and postmenopausal breast cancer in Poland. Cancer Causes Control. 25(12):1587-93, 2014.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Questions and answers on bisphenol A (BPA) use in food contact applications.
http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm
, 2016.
Xue F, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE, Michels KB. Cigarette smoking and the incidence of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 171(2):125-133, 2011.
Reynolds P, Hurley S, Goldberg DE, et al. Active smoking, household passive smoking, and breast cancer: evidence from the California Teachers Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96(1):29-37, 2004.
Pirie K, Beral V, Peto R, Roddam A, Reeves G, Green J for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Passive smoking and breast cancer in never smokers: prospective study and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 37(5):1069-79, 2008.
Luo J, Margolis KL, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. Association of active and passive smoking with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. BMJ. 342:d1016, 2011.
Yang Y, Zhang F, Skrip L, Wang Y, Liu S. Lack of an association between passive smoking and incidence of female breast cancer in non-smokers: evidence from 10 prospective cohort studies. PLoS One. 8(10):e77029, 2013.
Dossus L, Boutron-Ruault MC, Kaaks R, et al. for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Active and passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: results from the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer. 134(8):1871-88, 2014.
Macacu A, Autier P, Boniol M, Boyle P. Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 154(2):213-24, 2015.
Gaudet MM, Gapstur SM, Sun J, Diver WR, Hannan LM, Thun MJ. Active smoking and breast cancer risk: original cohort data and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 105(8):515-25, 2013.
DeRoo LA, Cummings P, Mueller BA. Smoking before the first pregnancy and the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 174(4):390-402, 2011.
Bjerkaas E, Parajuli R, Weiderpass E, et al. Smoking duration before first childbirth: an emerging risk factor for breast cancer? Results from 302,865 Norwegian women. Cancer Causes Control. 24(7):1347-56, 2013.
Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. Smoking before the birth of a first child is not associated with increased risk of breast cancer: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Cohort Study and a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 91(3):512-8, 2004.
Al-Delaimy WK, Cho E, Chen WY, Colditz GA, Willet WC. A prospective study of smoking and risk of breast cancer in young adult women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 13(3):398-404, 2004.
Ambrosone CB, Kropp S, Yang J, Yao S, Shields PG, Chang-Claude J. Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 genotypes, and breast cancer risk: pooled analysis and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17(1):15-26, 2008.
Zhang J, Qiu LX, Wang ZH, Wang JL, He SS, Hu XC. NAT2 polymorphisms combining with smoking associated with breast cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 123(3):877-83, 2010.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking — 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
Pierce JP, Patterson RE, Senger CM, et al. Lifetime cigarette smoking and breast cancer prognosis in the after breast cancer pooling project. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(1):djt359, 2014.
Allred CD, Allred KF, Ju YH, et al. Soy diets containing varying amounts of genistein stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) tumors in a dose-dependent manner. Cancer Res. 61:5045-50, 2001.
Allred CD, Ju YH, Allred KF, et al. Dietary genistin stimulates growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors similar to that observed with genistein. Carcinogenesis. 22:1667-73, 2001.
Duffy C, Perez K, Partridge A. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 57(5):260-77, 2007.
Trock BJ, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R. Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 98(7):459-71, 2006.
Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Pike MC. Epidemiology of soy exposures and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 98(1):9-14, 2008.
Lee SA, Shu XO, Li H, et al. Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 89(6):1920-6, 2009.
Butler LM, Wu AH, Wang R, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Yu MC. A vegetable-fruit-soy dietary pattern protects against breast cancer among postmenopausal Singapore Chinese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 91(4):1013-9, 2010.
Baglia ML, Zheng W, Li H, et al. The association of soy food consumption with the risk of subtype of breast cancers defined by hormone receptor and HER2 status. Int J Cancer. 139(4):742-8, 2016.
Dong JY, Qin LQ. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 125(2): p. 315-23, 2011.
Lillberg K, Verkasalo PK, Kaprio J, Teppo L, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Stress of daily activities and risk of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study in Finland. Int J Cancer. 91: 888-93, 2001.
Duijts SF, Zeegers MP, Borne BV. The association between stressful life events and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 107:1023-9, 2003.
Lillberg K, Verkasalo PK, Kaprio J, Teppo L, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Stressful life events and risk of breast cancer in 10,808 women: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 157:415-23, 2003.
Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, et al. Job stress and breast cancer risk: the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 160:1079-86, 2004.
Kroenke CH, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES, Colditz GA, Kawachi I, Holmes MD. Caregiving stress, endogenous sex steroid hormone levels, and breast cancer incidence. Am J Epidemiol. 159:1019-27, 2004.
Surtees PG, Wainwright NW, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Bingham SA. No evidence that social stress is associated with breast cancer incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 120(1):169-74, 2010.
Heikkilä K, Nyberg ST, Theorell T, et al. for the IPD-Work Consortium. Work stress and risk of cancer: meta-analysis of 5700 incident cancer events in 116,000 European men and women. BMJ. 346:f165, 2013.
Schoemaker MJ, Jones ME, Wright LB, et al. Psychological stress, adverse life events and breast cancer incidence: a cohort investigation in 106,000 women in the United Kingdom. Breast Cancer Res. 18(1):72, 2016.
Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Patterson RE, White E. Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19(7):1696-708, 2010.
Engel P, Fagherazzi G, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Joint effects of dietary vitamin D and sun exposure on breast cancer risk: results from the French E3N cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 20(1):187-98, 2011.
Chen P, Hu P, Xie D, Qin Y, Wang F, Wang H. Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 121(2):469-77, 2010.
Abbas S, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, et al. Dietary intake of vitamin d and calcium and breast cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Nutr Cancer. 65(2):178-87, 2013.
Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 22(11):915-29, 2013.
Scarmo S, Afanasyeva Y, Lenner P, et al. Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res. 15(1):R15, 2013.
Kühn T, Kaaks R, Becker S, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition: A nested case-control study. Int J Cancer. 133(7):1689-700, 2013.
Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, Lau J, Trikalinos TA. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 155(12):827-38, 2011.
Chen P, Li M, Gu X, et al. Higher blood 25(OH)D level may reduce the breast cancer risk: evidence from a Chinese population based case-control study and meta-analysis of the observational studies. PLoS One. 8(1):e49312, 2013.
Kim Y, Je Y. Vitamin D intake, blood 25(OH)D levels, and breast cancer risk or mortality: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 110(11):2772-84, 2014.
Beral V, Bull D, Doll R, et al. for the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83 000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries. Lancet. 363:1007-16, 2004.
National Cancer Institute (NCI). Breast Cancer Workshop.
http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/abortion-miscarriage-risk#summary-report
, 2010.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Induced abortion and breast cancer risk (reaffirmed in 2015).
http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Gynecologic_Practice/Induced_Abortion_and_Breast_Cancer_Risk
, 2015.
National Cancer Institute. Abortion, miscarriage, and breast cancer risk.
http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/abortion-miscarriage-risk
, 2010.
Brind J, Chinchilli VM, Severs WB and Summy-Long J. Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 50:481-96, 1996.
Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Olsen JH, et al. Induced abortion and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 336:81-5, 1997.
Lazovich D, Thompson JA, Mink PJ, et al. Induced abortion and breast cancer risk. Epidemiology. 11:76-80, 2000.
Paoletti X, Clavel-Chapelon F. Induced and spontaneous abortion and breast cancer risk: results from the E3N cohort study. Int J Cancer. 106(2):270-6, 2003.
Palmer JR, Wise LA, Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L. A prospective study of induced abortion and breast cancer in African-American women. Cancer Causes Control. 15(2):105-11, 2004.
Reeves GK, Kan SW, Key T, et al. Breast cancer risk in relation to abortion: Results from the EPIC study. Int J Cancer. 119(7):1741-5, 2006.
Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM, et al. Induced abortions and the risk of all cancers combined and site-specific cancers in Shanghai. Cancer Causes Control. 17(10):1275-80, 2006.
Michels KB, Xue F, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Induced and spontaneous abortion and incidence of breast cancer among young women: a prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 167(8):814-20, 2007.
Henderson KD, Sullivan-Halley J, Reynolds P, et al. Incomplete pregnancy is not associated with breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study. Contraception. 77(6):391-6, 2008.
Braüner CM, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Attermann J. Induced abortion and breast cancer among parous women: a Danish cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 92(6):700-5, 2013.
Guo J, Huang Y, Yang L, et al. Association between abortion and breast cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis based on prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control. 26(6):811-9, 2015.
Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Huang HY, et al. Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and the subsequent development of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 8(6):525-32, 1999.
Millikan R, De Voto E, Duell EJ, et al. Dichlorophenyldichloroethene, polychlorinated biphenyls, and breast cancer among African-American and white women in North Carolina. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9:1233-1240, 2000.
Laden F, Hankinson SE, Wolff MS, et al. Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer: an extended follow-up in the Nurses' Health Study. Int J Cancer. 91(4):568-74, 2001.
Laden F, Collman G, Iwamoto K, et al. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: combined analysis of five U.S. studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 93:768-76, 2001.
Gammon MD, Wolff MS, Neugut AI, et al. Environmental toxins and breast cancer on Long Island. II. Organochlorine compound levels in blood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11:686-97, 2002.
Lopez-Cervantes M, Torres-Sanchez L, Tobias A, Lopez-Carrillo L. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane burden and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Perspect. 112(2):207-14, 2004.
Raaschou-Nielsen O, Pavuk M, LeBlanc A, et al. Adipose organochlorine concentrations and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal Danish women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14(1):67-74, 2005.
Ingber SZ, Buser MC, Pohl HR, Abadin HG, Murray HE, Scinicariello F. DDT/DDE and breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 67(3):421-33, 2013.
Clarke CA, Glaser SL, West DW, et al. Breast cancer incidence and mortality trends in an affluent population: Marin County, California, USA, 1990-1999. Breast Cancer Res. 4: R13, 2002.
Chen L, Malone KE, Li CI. Bra wearing not associated with breast cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23(10):2181-5, 2014.
Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D. Breast size, handedness and breast cancer risk. Eur J Cancer. 27:131-5, 1991.
Bryant H, Brasher P. Breast implants and breast cancer—reanalysis of a linkage study. N Engl J Med. 332(23):1535-9, 1995.
Hoshaw SJ, Klein PJ, Clark BD, Cook RR, Perkins LL. Breast implants and cancer: causation, delayed detection, and survival. Plast Reconstr Surg. 107(6):1393-407, 2001.
McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Fryzek JP, et al. Long-term cancer risk among Swedish women with cosmetic breast implants: an update of a nationwide study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 98(8):557-60, 2006.
Brisson J, Holowaty EJ, Villeneuve PJ, et al. Cancer incidence in a cohort of Ontario and Quebec women having bilateral breast augmentation. Int J Cancer. 118(11):2854-62, 2006.
Deapen DM, Hirsch EM, Brody GS. Cancer risk among Los Angeles women with cosmetic breast implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 119(7):1987-92, 2007.
Lipworth L, Tarone RE, Friis S, et al. Cancer among Scandinavian women with cosmetic breast implants: a pooled long-term follow-up study. Int J Cancer. 124(2):490-3, 2009.
Noels EC, Lapid O, Lindeman JH, Bastiaannet E. Breast implants and the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Aesthet Surg J. 35(1):55-62, 2015.
Brinton LA, Brown SL, Colton T, et al. Characteristics of a population of women with breast implants compared with women seeking other types of plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 105(3):919-27, 2000.
Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in women with breast implants: Preliminary FDA findings and analyses.
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/ImplantsandProsthetics/BreastImplants/ucm239996.htm
, 2013.
Ganmaa D, Willett WC, Li TY, et al. Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of breast cancer: a 22-year follow-up. Int J Cancer. 122(9):2071-6, 2008.
Ishitani K, Lin J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM. Caffeine consumption and the risk of breast cancer in a large prospective cohort of women. Arch Intern Med. 168(18):2022-31, 2008.
Boggs DA, Palmer JR, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L. Tea and coffee intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women's Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 21(11):1941-8, 2010.
Gierach GL, Freedman ND, Andaya A, et al. Coffee intake and breast cancer risk in the NIH-AARP diet and health study cohort. Int J Cancer. 131(2):452-60, 2012.
Li XJ, Ren ZJ, Qin JW, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of breast cancer: an up-to-date meta-analysis. PLoS One. 8(1):e52681, 2013.
Yu F, Jin Z, Jiang H, et al. Tea consumption and the risk of five major cancers: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Cancer. 14:197, 2014.
Hashibe M, Galeone C, Buys SS, et al. Coffee, tea, caffeine intake, and the risk of cancer in the PLCO cohort. Br J Cancer. 113(5):809-16, 2015.
Lukic M, Licaj I, Lund E, Skeie G, Weiderpass E, Braaten T. Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 31(9):905-16, 2016.
Jiang W, Wu Y, Jiang X. Coffee and caffeine intake and breast cancer risk: An updated dose-response meta-analysis of 37 published studies. Gynecol Oncol. 129(3):620-9, 2013.
Bhoo-Pathy N, Peeters PH, Uiterwaal CS, et al. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study. Breast Cancer Res. 17(1):15, 2015.
Oh JK, Sandin S, Ström P, Löf M, Adami HO, Weiderpass E. Prospective study of breast cancer in relation to coffee, tea, and caffeine in Sweden. Int J Cancer. 137(8):1979-89, 2015.
Yu F, Jin Z, Jiang H, et al. Tea consumption and the risk of five major cancers: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Cancer. 14:197, 2014.
Feychting M, Ahlbom A, Kheifets L. EMF and Health. Annu Rev Public Health. 26:165-89, 2005.
Moulder JE, Foster KR, Erdreich LS, McNamee JP. Mobile phones, mobile phone base stations and cancer: a review. Int J Radiat Biol. 81:189-203, 2005.
Mirick DK, Davis S and Thomas DB. Antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 94:1578-80, 2002.
Gikas PD, Mansfield L, Mokbel K. Do underarm cosmetics cause breast cancer? Int J Fertil Womens Med. 49:212-4, 2004.
Caplan LS, Schoenfeld ER, O'Leary ES, et al. Breast cancer and electromagnetic fields—a review. Ann Epidemiol. 10:31-44, 2000.
Guenel P, Raskmark P, Andersen J, et al. Incidence of cancer in persons with occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in Denmark. Br J Industr Med. 50:758-64, 1993.
Verkasalo PK, Pukkala E, Kaprio J, et al. Magnetic fields of high voltage power lines and risk of cancer in Finnish adults: Nationwide cohort study. Br Med J. 313:1047-1051, 1996.
Laden F, Neas LM, Tobert PE, et al. Electric blanket usage in the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 152(1):41-49, 2000.
Forssén UM, Rutqvist LE, Ahlbom A, Feychting M. Occupational magnetic fields and female breast cancer: a case-control study using Swedish population registers and new exposure data. Am J Epidemiol. 161(3):250-9, 2005.
Johansen C, Nielsen OR, Olsen JH, Schüz J. Risk for leukaemia and brain and breast cancer among Danish utility workers: a second follow-up. Occup Environ Med. 64(11):782-4, 2007.
Chen C, Ma X, Zhong M, Yu Z. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields exposure and female breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 24,338 cases and 60,628 controls. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 123(2):569-76, 2010.
Green A, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Use of permanent hair dyes and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 79(2):253-257, 1987.
Thun MJ, Altekruse SF, Namboodiri MM, et al. Hair dye use and risk of fatal cancer in U.S. women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 86(3):210-215, 1994.
Mendelsohn JB, Li QZ, Ji BT, et al. Personal use of hair dye and cancer risk in a prospective cohort of Chinese women. Cancer Sci. 100(6):1088-91, 2009.
Takkouche B, Etminan M, Montes-Martinez A. Personal use of hair dyes and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 293(20):2516-25, 2005.
Rosenberg L, Boggs DA, Adams-Campbell LL, Palmer JR. Hair relaxers not associated with breast cancer risk: evidence from the black women's health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16(5):1035-7, 2007.
Perkins CI, Hotes J, Kohler BA, Howe HL. Association between breast cancer laterality and tumor location, United States, 1994-1998. Cancer Causes Control. 15:637-45, 2004.
Cerhan JR, Folsom AR, Potter JD, Prineas RJ. Handedness and mortality risk in older women. Am J Epidemiol. 140:368-74, 1994.
Stellman SD, Wynder EL, DeRose DJ, Muscat JE. The epidemiology of left-handedness in a hospital population. Ann Epidemiol. 7:167-71, 1997.
Pavia M, Hsieh CC, Ekbom A, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D. Handedness, age at menarche, and age at menopause. Obstet Gynecol. 83:579-82, 1994.
Winter AC, Rice MS, Fortner RT, Eliassen AH, Kurth T, Tamimi RM. Migraine and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 107(1), 2015.
Biro FM, Deardorff J. Identifying opportunities for cancer prevention during preadolescence and adolescence: puberty as a window of susceptibility. J Adolesc Health. 52(5 Suppl):S15-20, 2013.
Colditz GA, Bohlke K, Berkey CS. Breast cancer risk accumulation starts early: prevention must also. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 145(3):567-79, 2014.
Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ, Nilsen TI, et al. Birth size in relation to age at menarche and adolescent body size: implications for breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 105(3):400-3, 2003.
Morris DH, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. Determinants of age at menarche in the UK: analyses from the Breakthrough Generations Study. Br J Cancer. 103(11):1760-4, 2010.
D'Aloisio AA, DeRoo LA, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Prenatal and infant exposures and age at menarche. Epidemiology. 24(2):277-84, 2013.
Ahlgren M, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Sørensen TI. Growth patterns and the risk of breast cancer in women. N Engl J Med. 351(16):1619-26, 2004.
Baer HJ, Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Body fatness at young ages and risk of breast cancer throughout life. Am J Epidemiol. 171(11):1183-94, 2010.
Harris HR, Tamimi RM, Willett WC, Hankinson SE, Michels KB. Body size across the life course, mammographic density, and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 174(8):909-18, 2011.
Fagherazzi G, Guillas G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Mesrine S. Body shape throughout life and the risk for breast cancer at adulthood in the French E3N cohort. Eur J Cancer Prev. 22(1):29-37, 2013.
Keinan-Boker L, Levine H, Derazne E, Molina-Hazan V, Kark JD. Measured adolescent body mass index and adult breast cancer in a cohort of 951,480 women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 158(1):157-67, 2016.
Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med. 327(19):1350-5, 1992.
Linos E, Willett WC, Cho E, Frazier L. Adolescent diet in relation to breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19(3):689-96, 2010.
Liu Y, Colditz GA, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Kreiger N. Adolescent dietary fiber, vegetable fat, vegetable protein, and nut intakes and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 145(2):461-70, 2014.
Farvid MS, Chen WY, Michels KB, Cho E, Willett WC, Eliassen AH. Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ. 353:i2343, 2016.
Korde LA, Wu AH, Fears T, et al. Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 18(4):1050-9, 2009.
Lee SA, Shu XO, Li H, et al. Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 89(6):1920-6, 2009.
Wu AH, Wan P, Hankin J, Tseng CC, Yu MC, Pike MC. Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Carcinogenesis. 23(9):1491-6, 2002.
Baglia ML, Zheng W, Li H, et al. The association of soy food consumption with the risk of subtype of breast cancers defined by hormone receptor and HER2 status. Int J Cancer. 139(4):742-8, 2016.
Boeke CE, Eliassen AH, Oh H, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Tamimi RM. Adolescent physical activity in relation to breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 145(3):715-24, 2014.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2017. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2017.
Sabel MS and Collins LC. Atypia and lobular carcinoma in situ: high risk lesions of the breast. In: Chagpar AB, Chen W, eds. UpToDate. Waltham, MA, UpToDate, 2016.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Version 1.2016.
http://www.nccn.org
, 2016.
Updated 04/07/17
HELP END BREAST CANCER
DONATE NOW
Print
|
Share
Close X