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When Planes Became Spacecraft: X-15
The NACA Becomes NASA
NASA 60 Years & Counting (1958-2018)
Image: X-15 pilot and future NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong stands beside one of the planes.
Though the X-planes became a formative part of the space program, their development was rooted in engineers’ efforts to simply make airplanes go faster. Researchers had learned by the 1930s that planes driven by piston engines and propellers ultimately ran into performance problems at about 350 mph, and data was already showing there would be additional problems at even higher speeds.
The X-1 program resolved enough of those problems to allow Chuck Yeager to fly faster than sound in 1947, and researchers turned to possibilities of “hypersonic” flight, Mach 5 or higher. In the mid-1950s, those efforts became the X-15 program, led by the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), NASA’s predecessor agency, in partnership with the U.S. Air Force and Navy.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/60th/x-15/
As it did so many other things, the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik changed how the X-15 was viewed. With no U.S. satellite launch on the horizon, Americans focused on the new vehicle. It made its public debut on Oct. 15, 1958. (Ironically without its managing organization; two weeks earlier, NACA had become NASA.)
As Harrison “Stormy” Storms of North American Aviation, the X-15’s builder, said, “The rollout of the X-15 marks the beginning of man’s most advanced assault on space. This will be one of the most dramatic, as in the X-15 we have all of the elements and most of the problems of a true space vehicle.”
Ultimately, the X-15 flew 199 times, and on Oct. 3, 1967, U.S. Air Force pilot Pete Knight set a speed record of Mach 6.7. But as important as the records was everything that NACA, and later NASA, researchers learned about operating craft at high speeds and altitudes. Roger Bilstein summarized the achievements this way in “Testing Aircraft, Exploring Space:”
"The fallout was far-reaching in numerous crucial areas . . . The X-15’s survival encouraged extensive use of comparatively exotic alloys, such as titanium and Inconel-X, which led to machining and production techniques that became standard in the aerospace industry. . . . (T)he chance of accidental loss of pressurization . . . prompted development of the first practical full-pressure suit for pilot protection in space. The X-15 was the first to use reaction controls for attitude control in space; re-entry techniques and related technology also contributed to the space program, and even earth science experiments were carried out by the X-15 in some of its flights."
The X-15 was air launched from a B-52 aircraft at 45,000 feet and at a speed of about 500 mph. After dropping from the B-52, the rocket engine provided thrust for the first 80 to 120 seconds of flight. The remainder of the normal 10 to 11 min. flight was powerless and ended with a 200-mph glide landing.
Taking over the X-15 program produced more than technical knowledge, though. “Although NACA in essence bootstrapped air force and navy funds for the X-15,” Bilstein wrote, “it was very much a NACA idea and design from start to finish. In many ways, the X-15 program signaled a shift to the research, development and management functions that characterized the NASA organization soon to come.”
The X-15 and other X-planes are more than a historical legacy for NASA. The program is the core of NASA’s New Aviation Horizons, an array of new experimental aircraft that will carry on the legacy of demonstrating advanced technologies to push back the frontiers of aviation. Goals include showcasing how airliners can burn half the fuel and generate 75 percent less pollution during each flight as compared to now, while also being much quieter than today’s jets —perhaps even when flying supersonic.
NASA's 60th Anniversary
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Credit: NASA/Friends of NASA (FoN)
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #X15 #Hypersonic #Flight #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education
The NACA Becomes NASA
NASA 60 Years & Counting (1958-2018)
Image: X-15 pilot and future NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong stands beside one of the planes.
Though the X-planes became a formative part of the space program, their development was rooted in engineers’ efforts to simply make airplanes go faster. Researchers had learned by the 1930s that planes driven by piston engines and propellers ultimately ran into performance problems at about 350 mph, and data was already showing there would be additional problems at even higher speeds.
The X-1 program resolved enough of those problems to allow Chuck Yeager to fly faster than sound in 1947, and researchers turned to possibilities of “hypersonic” flight, Mach 5 or higher. In the mid-1950s, those efforts became the X-15 program, led by the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), NASA’s predecessor agency, in partnership with the U.S. Air Force and Navy.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/60th/x-15/
As it did so many other things, the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik changed how the X-15 was viewed. With no U.S. satellite launch on the horizon, Americans focused on the new vehicle. It made its public debut on Oct. 15, 1958. (Ironically without its managing organization; two weeks earlier, NACA had become NASA.)
As Harrison “Stormy” Storms of North American Aviation, the X-15’s builder, said, “The rollout of the X-15 marks the beginning of man’s most advanced assault on space. This will be one of the most dramatic, as in the X-15 we have all of the elements and most of the problems of a true space vehicle.”
Ultimately, the X-15 flew 199 times, and on Oct. 3, 1967, U.S. Air Force pilot Pete Knight set a speed record of Mach 6.7. But as important as the records was everything that NACA, and later NASA, researchers learned about operating craft at high speeds and altitudes. Roger Bilstein summarized the achievements this way in “Testing Aircraft, Exploring Space:”
"The fallout was far-reaching in numerous crucial areas . . . The X-15’s survival encouraged extensive use of comparatively exotic alloys, such as titanium and Inconel-X, which led to machining and production techniques that became standard in the aerospace industry. . . . (T)he chance of accidental loss of pressurization . . . prompted development of the first practical full-pressure suit for pilot protection in space. The X-15 was the first to use reaction controls for attitude control in space; re-entry techniques and related technology also contributed to the space program, and even earth science experiments were carried out by the X-15 in some of its flights."
The X-15 was air launched from a B-52 aircraft at 45,000 feet and at a speed of about 500 mph. After dropping from the B-52, the rocket engine provided thrust for the first 80 to 120 seconds of flight. The remainder of the normal 10 to 11 min. flight was powerless and ended with a 200-mph glide landing.
Taking over the X-15 program produced more than technical knowledge, though. “Although NACA in essence bootstrapped air force and navy funds for the X-15,” Bilstein wrote, “it was very much a NACA idea and design from start to finish. In many ways, the X-15 program signaled a shift to the research, development and management functions that characterized the NASA organization soon to come.”
The X-15 and other X-planes are more than a historical legacy for NASA. The program is the core of NASA’s New Aviation Horizons, an array of new experimental aircraft that will carry on the legacy of demonstrating advanced technologies to push back the frontiers of aviation. Goals include showcasing how airliners can burn half the fuel and generate 75 percent less pollution during each flight as compared to now, while also being much quieter than today’s jets —perhaps even when flying supersonic.
NASA's 60th Anniversary
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Credit: NASA/Friends of NASA (FoN)
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #X15 #Hypersonic #Flight #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education
NASA 60 Years & Counting: X-15
nasa.gov
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Chinese foreign policy will soon be made by artificial intelligence
#AI #Government #Law #Research
#CTO #Deep #Learning #Machin #Robot
China ‘s next key foreign policy decision could be aided by artificial intelligence. The country is actively developing an AI system that will help lawmakers make policies based on unbiased data analysis, rather than human emotion.
copyright by www.dailymail.co.uk
When a policymaker needs to make an urgent decision in an ongoing, complex situation, the AI-powered system will be able to summon a range of options with recommendations for the best move in a matter of minutes.
As it stands, the technology is purportedly still in its infancy, but one-day hopes to provide an unbiased view of political scenarios, without any trace of fear or ‘moral concerns’ that could get in the way of the nation’s strategic goals.
Scientists with knowledge of the plans stress that human diplomats will still be behind the final policy decisions, with the AI acting only as a support system. China already uses an AI system in the foreign ministry to analyse oversees investment decisions, researchers revealed.
Chinese researchers confirmed to the South China Morning Post the government plans to use AI as part of the decision-making process in some government areas. Dr Feng Shuai, senior fellow with the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, whose research focuses on the application of AI, said the project was already gaining pace. ‘Artificial intelligence systems can use scientific and technological power to read and analyse data in a way that humans can’t match,’ Dr Feng said. ‘Human beings can never get rid of the interference of hormones or glucose.’
The technology would strip away the tiredness and fatigue that can hamper a politician’s judgement. Scientists said it would also be completely immune to human flaws that can make some political decisions difficult, such as passion, honour, and fear. ‘It would not even consider the moral factors that conflict with strategic goals,’ Dr Feng added.
However, in order successfully make informed decisions that will benefit Chinese society, the AI machine would need access to huge volumes of data. According to the researchers, this could be a stumbling block for the technology, since some of the data needed to assess the viability of each option may be difficult to obtain, or not exist at all in the case of some isolated regions or countries. […]
read more – copyright by www.dailymail.co.uk
Join us on Linkedin http://bit.ly/2ifCm0V
Join us on twitter http://bit.ly/2iuYYgA
#AI #Government #Law #Research
#CTO #Deep #Learning #Machin #Robot
China ‘s next key foreign policy decision could be aided by artificial intelligence. The country is actively developing an AI system that will help lawmakers make policies based on unbiased data analysis, rather than human emotion.
copyright by www.dailymail.co.uk
When a policymaker needs to make an urgent decision in an ongoing, complex situation, the AI-powered system will be able to summon a range of options with recommendations for the best move in a matter of minutes.
As it stands, the technology is purportedly still in its infancy, but one-day hopes to provide an unbiased view of political scenarios, without any trace of fear or ‘moral concerns’ that could get in the way of the nation’s strategic goals.
Scientists with knowledge of the plans stress that human diplomats will still be behind the final policy decisions, with the AI acting only as a support system. China already uses an AI system in the foreign ministry to analyse oversees investment decisions, researchers revealed.
Chinese researchers confirmed to the South China Morning Post the government plans to use AI as part of the decision-making process in some government areas. Dr Feng Shuai, senior fellow with the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, whose research focuses on the application of AI, said the project was already gaining pace. ‘Artificial intelligence systems can use scientific and technological power to read and analyse data in a way that humans can’t match,’ Dr Feng said. ‘Human beings can never get rid of the interference of hormones or glucose.’
The technology would strip away the tiredness and fatigue that can hamper a politician’s judgement. Scientists said it would also be completely immune to human flaws that can make some political decisions difficult, such as passion, honour, and fear. ‘It would not even consider the moral factors that conflict with strategic goals,’ Dr Feng added.
However, in order successfully make informed decisions that will benefit Chinese society, the AI machine would need access to huge volumes of data. According to the researchers, this could be a stumbling block for the technology, since some of the data needed to assess the viability of each option may be difficult to obtain, or not exist at all in the case of some isolated regions or countries. […]
read more – copyright by www.dailymail.co.uk
Join us on Linkedin http://bit.ly/2ifCm0V
Join us on twitter http://bit.ly/2iuYYgA
Chinese foreign policy will soon be made by artificial intelligence
swisscognitive.ch
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President Eisenhower Signs NASA into Existence
Although NASA is best known for 60 years of engineering and scientific achievements, it originally came into being as a matter of national security. After the Soviets flew the first two Sputniks in 1957 and Sputnik 3 in 1958, the U.S. government saw space as important new political, if not military, battlefield and began to lay the course for a long-term space plan.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/signing/
“It was almost as if a bomb had fallen” on Capitol Hill, Congressional staffer Eilene Galloway said in a 2000 oral history interview, “because we were so surprised that the Soviet Union was first. Both the United States and the Soviet Union had space projects in the International Geophysical Year, but our project was very small. It was a satellite that weighed a little more than three pounds, and the Soviet satellite [weighed 184 pounds and] really opened up outer space as the new environment, added to land, sea and air.”
Scientists pushed President Eisenhower to make any new agency charged with overseeing space exploration a civilian agency, fearing military control would mean research only into military priorities
Congressional hearings on the matter, chaired by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX), began in November 1957 and continued for six weeks. Johnson asked Galloway, a defense analyst with the Legislative Reference Service, to summarize the Congressional testimony. Her report, titled “The Problems of Congress in Formulating Outer Space Legislation,” recommended several options including creation of a new civilian agency to lead America’s space efforts.
On April 2, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent a draft law to Congress that called for a civilian National Aeronautics and Space Agency, based on the existing National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), to oversee the US space program. Twelve days later both the Senate and the House introduced versions of a bill to establish such an organization, with hearings beginning the next day. Galloway successfully lobbied to designate the new organization an Administration rather than an Agency to give it broader authority to coordinate with many other government agencies.
The House bill passed on June 2 and the Senate version on June 16. Senator Johnson chaired a bipartisan panel to produce a joint version of the bill, and met with the President following the July 4th holiday to resolve the remaining issues. Congress passed the final version of the bill, the National Aeronautics and Space Act, on July 16 and President Eisenhower signed it into law on July 29, 1958. The bill established eight objectives for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA):
The expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space;
The improvement of the usefulness, performance, speed, safety, and efficiency of aeronautical and space vehicles; Tea
The development and operation of vehicles capable of carrying instruments, equipment, supplies, and living organisms through space;
The establishment of long-range studies of the potential benefits to be gained from, the opportunities for, and the problems involved in the utilization of aeronautical and space activities for peaceful and scientific purposes;
The preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in aeronautical and space science and technology and in the application thereof to the conduct of peaceful activities within and outside the atmosphere;
The making available to agencies directly concerned with national defense of discoveries that have military value or significance, and the furnishing by such agencies, to the civilian agency established to direct and control nonmilitary aeronautical and space activities, of information as to discoveries which have value or significance to that agency;
Cooperation by the United States with other nations and groups of nations in work done pursuant to this Act and in the peaceful application of the results thereof;
The most effective utilization of the scientific and engineering resources of the United States, with close cooperation among all interested agencies of the United States in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of effort, facilities and equipment
Although the Act has been amended over the years, these eight objectives still describe the major functions of NASA today.
On Aug. 8, President Eisenhower nominated T. Keith Glennan, President of Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, and Hugh L. Dryden, Director of the NACA, to be NASA Administrator and Deputy Administrator, respectively. The Senate confirmed them a week later and they were sworn in at the White House on Aug. 19. NASA officially opened for business on Oct. 1, 1958, with its Headquarters at first occupying temporary office space at the Dolley Madison House in Washington, DC.
NASA's 60th Anniversary (1958-2018)
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Credit: NASA/Friends of NASA (FoN)
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education
Although NASA is best known for 60 years of engineering and scientific achievements, it originally came into being as a matter of national security. After the Soviets flew the first two Sputniks in 1957 and Sputnik 3 in 1958, the U.S. government saw space as important new political, if not military, battlefield and began to lay the course for a long-term space plan.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/signing/
“It was almost as if a bomb had fallen” on Capitol Hill, Congressional staffer Eilene Galloway said in a 2000 oral history interview, “because we were so surprised that the Soviet Union was first. Both the United States and the Soviet Union had space projects in the International Geophysical Year, but our project was very small. It was a satellite that weighed a little more than three pounds, and the Soviet satellite [weighed 184 pounds and] really opened up outer space as the new environment, added to land, sea and air.”
Scientists pushed President Eisenhower to make any new agency charged with overseeing space exploration a civilian agency, fearing military control would mean research only into military priorities
Congressional hearings on the matter, chaired by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX), began in November 1957 and continued for six weeks. Johnson asked Galloway, a defense analyst with the Legislative Reference Service, to summarize the Congressional testimony. Her report, titled “The Problems of Congress in Formulating Outer Space Legislation,” recommended several options including creation of a new civilian agency to lead America’s space efforts.
On April 2, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent a draft law to Congress that called for a civilian National Aeronautics and Space Agency, based on the existing National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), to oversee the US space program. Twelve days later both the Senate and the House introduced versions of a bill to establish such an organization, with hearings beginning the next day. Galloway successfully lobbied to designate the new organization an Administration rather than an Agency to give it broader authority to coordinate with many other government agencies.
The House bill passed on June 2 and the Senate version on June 16. Senator Johnson chaired a bipartisan panel to produce a joint version of the bill, and met with the President following the July 4th holiday to resolve the remaining issues. Congress passed the final version of the bill, the National Aeronautics and Space Act, on July 16 and President Eisenhower signed it into law on July 29, 1958. The bill established eight objectives for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA):
The expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space;
The improvement of the usefulness, performance, speed, safety, and efficiency of aeronautical and space vehicles; Tea
The development and operation of vehicles capable of carrying instruments, equipment, supplies, and living organisms through space;
The establishment of long-range studies of the potential benefits to be gained from, the opportunities for, and the problems involved in the utilization of aeronautical and space activities for peaceful and scientific purposes;
The preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in aeronautical and space science and technology and in the application thereof to the conduct of peaceful activities within and outside the atmosphere;
The making available to agencies directly concerned with national defense of discoveries that have military value or significance, and the furnishing by such agencies, to the civilian agency established to direct and control nonmilitary aeronautical and space activities, of information as to discoveries which have value or significance to that agency;
Cooperation by the United States with other nations and groups of nations in work done pursuant to this Act and in the peaceful application of the results thereof;
The most effective utilization of the scientific and engineering resources of the United States, with close cooperation among all interested agencies of the United States in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of effort, facilities and equipment
Although the Act has been amended over the years, these eight objectives still describe the major functions of NASA today.
On Aug. 8, President Eisenhower nominated T. Keith Glennan, President of Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, and Hugh L. Dryden, Director of the NACA, to be NASA Administrator and Deputy Administrator, respectively. The Senate confirmed them a week later and they were sworn in at the White House on Aug. 19. NASA officially opened for business on Oct. 1, 1958, with its Headquarters at first occupying temporary office space at the Dolley Madison House in Washington, DC.
NASA's 60th Anniversary (1958-2018)
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Credit: NASA/Friends of NASA (FoN)
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education
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60 Years NASA 👍
NASA's 60th Anniversary (1958-2018)
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
From 2018 through 2022, NASA is marking a series of important milestones—the 60th anniversary of the agency’s founding by Congress in 1958, and the 50th anniversary of the Apollo missions that put a dozen Americans on the Moon between July 1969 and December 1972.
Celebrations already are under way. Some are complete, some are scheduled in the coming months, and some are still being planned.
July 29, 2018 marked 60 years since President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA as a U.S. government agency by signing Public Law 58-568, the National Aeronautics and Space Act. The act consolidated several federal and military research organizations, including the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, under one agency.
The new agency was given responsibility to plan, direct and conduct U.S. civil aeronautics and space activities and share the results of those activities as widely as practicable. NASA opened for business about two months later, on Oct. 1, 1958—the date NASA observes as its birthday.
NASA kicked off its 60th anniversary Jan. 31 by remembering the 1958 launch of the first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. An experiment on the satellite discovered belts of charged particles trapped in space by Earth’s magnetic field, now known as the Van Allen Belts.
The celebrations continued June 1-2 with "Space, the Next Frontier," a tribute to NASA by the National Symphony Orchestra Pops at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington. The center is named for President John F. Kennedy, who had not only a vision for cultural advancement, but also a vision for technological advancement in the form of landing Americans on the Moon. Kennedy’s legacy to the space program is highlighted along with six decades of NASA achievements in an exhibition at the Kennedy Center’s Hall of Nations May 27-June 3.
The public will be invited to celebrate with the agency in September and October. Special activities are being planned at several NASA visitor centers and other locations across the United States. Details will be announced as they become available.
NASA’s celebration of all things Apollo will begin Oct. 11, the 50th anniversary of the launch of Apollo 7, the first of the missions to carry a crew into space. On this day, at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, the U.S. Mint will unveil the design for an Apollo 11 commemorative coin that will go on sale in January 2019.
In December, NASA will join the National Air and Space Museum in recalling the 50th anniversary of the flight of Apollo 8, whose crew of three spent Christmas 1968 in orbit around the Moon.
The focus will turn to Apollo 11 in July 2019. Celebrations are planned in Washington and at NASA centers that were crucial to the success of the Apollo Program. On July 19, NASA TV will broadcast live from the refurbished Apollo Mission Operations Control Room at NASA’s Johnson Space Center and several other locations with Apollo connections coast to coast.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Credit: NASA/Friends of NASA (FoN)
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
From 2018 through 2022, NASA is marking a series of important milestones—the 60th anniversary of the agency’s founding by Congress in 1958, and the 50th anniversary of the Apollo missions that put a dozen Americans on the Moon between July 1969 and December 1972.
Celebrations already are under way. Some are complete, some are scheduled in the coming months, and some are still being planned.
July 29, 2018 marked 60 years since President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA as a U.S. government agency by signing Public Law 58-568, the National Aeronautics and Space Act. The act consolidated several federal and military research organizations, including the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, under one agency.
The new agency was given responsibility to plan, direct and conduct U.S. civil aeronautics and space activities and share the results of those activities as widely as practicable. NASA opened for business about two months later, on Oct. 1, 1958—the date NASA observes as its birthday.
NASA kicked off its 60th anniversary Jan. 31 by remembering the 1958 launch of the first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. An experiment on the satellite discovered belts of charged particles trapped in space by Earth’s magnetic field, now known as the Van Allen Belts.
The celebrations continued June 1-2 with "Space, the Next Frontier," a tribute to NASA by the National Symphony Orchestra Pops at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington. The center is named for President John F. Kennedy, who had not only a vision for cultural advancement, but also a vision for technological advancement in the form of landing Americans on the Moon. Kennedy’s legacy to the space program is highlighted along with six decades of NASA achievements in an exhibition at the Kennedy Center’s Hall of Nations May 27-June 3.
The public will be invited to celebrate with the agency in September and October. Special activities are being planned at several NASA visitor centers and other locations across the United States. Details will be announced as they become available.
NASA’s celebration of all things Apollo will begin Oct. 11, the 50th anniversary of the launch of Apollo 7, the first of the missions to carry a crew into space. On this day, at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, the U.S. Mint will unveil the design for an Apollo 11 commemorative coin that will go on sale in January 2019.
In December, NASA will join the National Air and Space Museum in recalling the 50th anniversary of the flight of Apollo 8, whose crew of three spent Christmas 1968 in orbit around the Moon.
The focus will turn to Apollo 11 in July 2019. Celebrations are planned in Washington and at NASA centers that were crucial to the success of the Apollo Program. On July 19, NASA TV will broadcast live from the refurbished Apollo Mission Operations Control Room at NASA’s Johnson Space Center and several other locations with Apollo connections coast to coast.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Credit: NASA/Friends of NASA (FoN)
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education
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#Awarded as the best institute for #Clinical #Research & #Healthcare #Management - "#Careers of #Tomorrow"
*Candidates can enter multiple areas of research & let exposed to latest technologies & various trials being conducted across the globe.
For Admissions Call 9599331562 or visit our website http://www.icriindia.com/
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Una corda avvolta su un sentiero polveroso può innescare un salto di spavento in un escursionista che ha, recentemente, calpestato un serpente. Un nuovo studio condotto da neuroscienziati della NYU School of Medicine e pubblicato online il 31 luglio su eLife, sostiene che gli esseri umani riconoscono ciò che stanno guardando attraverso una combinazione di stimoli sensoriali recenti e confronto con le immagini già memorizzate.
Da +Neuroscience News via +Clinika
#neruscience #health #research #brain
Da +Neuroscience News via +Clinika
#neruscience #health #research #brain
Past Experience Shapes What We See More Than What We Are Looking At Now
Humans recognize what they are looking at by combining current sensory stimuli with comparisons to images stored in memory.
The research is in eLife. (full open access)
Humans recognize what they are looking at by combining current sensory stimuli with comparisons to images stored in memory.
The research is in eLife. (full open access)
Past Experience Shapes What We See More Than What We Are Looking At Now
neurosciencenews.com
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Public
NASA 60th: How It All Began (1958-2018)
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, on July 16 and President Eisenhower signed it into law on July 29, 1958. NASA opened for business on Oct. 1, 1958, with T. Keith Glennan as our first administrator. Our history tells a story of exploration, innovation and discoveries. The next 60 years, that story continues.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Video Credit: NASA
Article Credit: Friends of NASA (FoN)
Duration: 5 minutes, 45 seconds
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education #HD #Video
Friends of NASA Celebrates its 10th Anniversary (2008-2018)
Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, on July 16 and President Eisenhower signed it into law on July 29, 1958. NASA opened for business on Oct. 1, 1958, with T. Keith Glennan as our first administrator. Our history tells a story of exploration, innovation and discoveries. The next 60 years, that story continues.
Learn more: https://www.nasa.gov/60
Friends of NASA: http://www.friendsofnasa.org
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
Friends of NASA is an independent non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to building international support for peaceful space exploration, commerce, scientific discovery and STEM education.
We rely on public donations for support.
Video Credit: NASA
Article Credit: Friends of NASA (FoN)
Duration: 5 minutes, 45 seconds
Release Date: July 29, 2018
+NASA
+Friends of NASA
#NASA #Space #Science #Earth #Moon #Mars #SolarSystem #Astronomy #History #NASA60 #Anniversary #President #Eisenhower #Government #UnitedStates #Civilian #Agency #Research #Exploration #Aerospace #Aeronautics #Aviation #Astronauts #JourneyToMars #FriendsOfNASA #FoN10 #STEM #Education #HD #Video
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