Note: These are archived 2003 survey results. For the latest survey, visit http://SecTools.Org.
In May of 2003, I conducted a survey of Nmap
users from the nmap-hackers
mailing list to determine their favorite security tools. Each
respondent could list up to 8. This was a followup to the highly
successful June 2000 Top 50 list. An
astounding 1854 people responded in '03, and their recommendations
were so impressive that I have expanded the list to 75 tools! Anyone
in the security field would be well advised to go over the list and
investigate tools they are unfamiliar with. I discovered several
powerful new tools this way. I also plan to point newbies to this
page whenever they write me saying "I do not know where to start".
Respondents were allowed to list open source or commercial tools on
any platform. Commercial tools are noted as such in the list below.
Many of the descriptions were taken from the application home page or
the Debian or Freshmeat package descriptions. I
removed marketing fluff like "revolutionary" and "next generation".
No votes for the Nmap Security
Scanner were counted because the survey was taken on an Nmap
mailing list. This audience also means that the list is slightly
biased toward "attack" tools rather than defensive ones.
These icons are used:
Did not appear on the 2000 list
Generally costs money. These rarely includes source code. A free limited/demo/trial version may be available.
Works on Linux
Works on FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD and/or proprietary UNIX systems (Solaris, HP-UX, IRIX, etc.)
Supports Microsoft Windows
Translations: Spanish Translation by ThiOsk (os_k&at&softhome.net) and Kerozene (kerozene&at&hackemate.com.ar) Portuguese Translation by André Zúquete (avz&at&det.ua.pt)
Here is the list (starting with the most popular):
Nessus: Formerly open source vulnerability assessment tool
Nessus is a remote security scanner for Linux, BSD, Solaris, and other
Unices. It is plug-in-based, has a GTK interface, and performs over
1200 remote security checks. It allows for reports to be generated in
HTML, XML, LaTeX, and ASCII text, and suggests solutions for security
problems. It was open source for many years, but they turned proprietary in late 2005.
Ethereal: Sniffing the glue that holds the Internet together
Ethereal is a free network protocol analyzer for Unix and Windows. It
allows you to examine data from a live network or from a capture file
on disk. You can interactively browse the capture data, viewing
summary and detail information for each packet. Ethereal has several
powerful features, including a rich display filter language and the
ability to view the reconstructed stream of a TCP session. A
text-based version called tethereal is included.
Snort: A free intrusion detection system (IDS) for the masses
Snort is a lightweight network intrusion detection system, capable of
performing real-time traffic analysis and packet logging on IP
networks. It can perform protocol analysis, content searching/matching
and can be used to detect a variety of attacks and probes, such as
buffer overflows, stealth port scans, CGI attacks, SMB probes, OS
fingerprinting attempts, and much more. Snort uses a flexible rule
based language to describe traffic that it should collect or pass, and
a modular detection engine. Many people also suggested that the Analysis Console for Intrusion Databases (ACID) be used with Snort.
Netcat: The network swiss army knife
A simple Unix utility which reads and writes data across network
connections, using TCP or UDP protocol. It is designed to be a
reliable "back-end" tool that can be used directly or easily driven by
other programs and scripts. At the same time, it is a feature-rich
network debugging and exploration tool, since it can create almost any
kind of connection you would need and has several interesting built-in
capabilities.
TCPDump / WinDump: The classic sniffer for network monitoring and data acquisition
Tcpdump is a well-known and well-loved text-based network packet
analyzer ("sniffer"). It can be used to print out the headers of
packets on a network interface that matches a given expression. You
can use this tool to track down network problems or to monitor network
activities. There is a separate Windows port named WinDump. TCPDump is also the
source of the Libpcap/WinPcap packet capture library, which
is used by Nmap among many other
utilities. Note that many users prefer the newer Ethereal sniffer.
Hping2: A network probing utility like ping on steroids
hping2 assembles and sends custom
ICMP/UDP/TCP packets and displays any replies. It was inspired by the
ping command, but offers far more control over the probes sent. It
also has a handy traceroute mode and supports IP fragmentation. This
tool is particularly useful when trying to traceroute/ping/probe hosts
behind a firewall that blocks attempts using the standard utilities.
DSniff: A suite of powerful network auditing and penetration-testing tools
This popular and well-engineered suite by Dug Song includes many
tools. dsniff, filesnarf, mailsnarf, msgsnarf, urlsnarf, and webspy
passively monitor a network for interesting data (passwords, e-mail,
files, etc.). arpspoof, dnsspoof, and macof facilitate the
interception of network traffic normally unavailable to an attacker
(e.g, due to layer-2 switching). sshmitm and webmitm implement active
monkey-in-the-middle attacks against redirected SSH and HTTPS sessions
by exploiting weak bindings in ad-hoc PKI. A separately maintained partial Windows port is available here.
GFI LANguard: A commercial network security scanner for Windows
LANguard scans networks and reports information such as
service pack level of each machine, missing security patches, open
shares, open ports, services/applications active on the computer, key
registry entries, weak passwords, users and groups, and more. Scan
results are outputted to an HTML report, which can be
customized/queried. Apparently a limited free version is available
for non-commercial/trial use.
Ettercap: In case you still thought switched LANs provide much extra security
Ettercap is a terminal-based network sniffer/interceptor/logger for ethernet LANs. It supports active and passive dissection of many protocols (even ciphered ones, like SSH and HTTPS). Data injection in an established connection and filtering on the fly is also possible, keeping the connection synchronized. Many sniffing modes were implemented to give you a powerful and complete sniffing suite. Plugins are supported. It has the ability to check whether you are in a switched LAN or not, and to use OS fingerprints (active or passive) to let you know the geometry of the LAN.
Whisker/Libwhisker: Rain.Forest.Puppy's CGI vulnerability scanner and library
Whisker is a scanner which allows you to test HTTP servers for many known security holes, particularly the presence of dangerous CGIs. Libwhisker is a perl library (used by Whisker) which allows for the creation of custom HTTP scanners. If you wish to audit more than just web servers, have a look at Nessus.
John the Ripper: An extraordinarily powerful, flexible, and fast multi-platform password hash cracker
John the Ripper is a fast password cracker, currently available for many flavors of Unix (11 are officially supported, not counting different architectures), DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS. Its primary purpose is to detect weak Unix passwords. It supports several crypt(3) password hash types which are most commonly found on various Unix flavors, as well as Kerberos AFS and Windows NT/2000/XP LM hashes. Several other hash types are added with contributed patches.
OpenSSH / SSH: A secure way to access remote computers
Ssh (Secure Shell) is a program for logging into or executing commands
on a remote machine. It provides secure
encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure
network. X11 connections and arbitrary TCP/IP ports can also be
forwarded over the secure channel. It is intended as a replacement for
rlogin, rsh and rcp, and can be used to provide rdist, and rsync with
a secure communication channel. OpenSSH is affiliated with the OpenBSD project, though a
portable version runs on most UNIX systems. Note that the SSH.Com
link above costs money for some uses, while OpenSSH is always free.
Windows users may want to try the free PuTTY SSH
Client or the nice terminal-based port of OpenSSH that comes with
Cygwin. There are dozens of
other clients (free or prorietary) available for most platforms - here
is a huge list.
Sam Spade: Freeware Windows network query tool
SamSpade provides a consistent GUI and implementation for many handy network query tasks. It was designed with tracking down spammers in mind, but can be useful for many other network exploration, administration, and security tasks. It includes tools such as ping, nslookup, whois, dig, traceroute, finger, raw HTTP web browser, DNS zone transfer, SMTP relay check, website search, and more. Non-Windows users can enjoy online versions of many of their tools.
ISS Internet Scanner: Application-level vulnerability assessment
Internet Scanner started off in '92 as a tiny Open Source scanner by
Christopher Klaus. Now he has grown ISS into a billion-dollar company
with a myriad of security products. ISS Internet Scanner is pretty
good, but is not cheap. So companies on a tight budget may wish to look at Nessus instead. A March 2003 Information Security magazine review of 5 VA tools (including these) is available here. Note that VA tools only report vulnerabilities. Commercial tools for actually exploiting them include CORE Impact and Dave Aitel's Canvas. Free exploits for some vulnerabilities can be found at sites like Packet Storm and SecurityFocus
Tripwire: The grand-daddy of file integrity checkers
A file and directory integrity checker. Tripwire is a tool that aids
system administrators and users in monitoring a designated set of
files for any changes. Used with system files on a regular (e.g.,
daily) basis, Tripwire can notify system administrators of corrupted
or tampered files, so damage control measures can be taken in a timely
manner. An Open Source Linux version is freely available at Tripwire.Org. UNIX users may also
want to consider AIDE, which has been
designed to be a free Tripwire replacement. Or you may wish to
investigate Radmind.
Nikto: A more comprehensive web scanner
Nikto is a web server scanner which looks for over 2000 potentially dangerous files/CGIs and problems on over 200 servers. It uses LibWhisker but is generally updated more frequently than Whisker itself.
Kismet: A powerful wireless sniffer
Kismet is an 802.11b network sniffer and network dissector. It is
capable of sniffing using most wireless cards, automatic network IP
block detection via UDP, ARP, and DHCP packets, Cisco equipment lists
via Cisco Discovery Protocol, weak cryptographic packet logging, and
Ethereal and tcpdump compatible packet dump files. It also includes
the ability to plot detected networks and estimated network ranges on
downloaded maps or user supplied image files. Windows support is
currently preliminary, so those users may want to look at Netstumbler if they run into trouble. Linux
(and Linux PDAs like Zaurus) users may wish to also look at the Wellenreiter wireless
scanner.
SuperScan: Foundstone's Windows TCP port scanner
A connect-based TCP port scanner, pinger and hostname resolver. No source code is provided. It can handle ping scans and port scans using specified IP ranges. It can also connect to any discovered open port using user-specified "helper" applications (e.g. Telnet, Web browser, FTP).
L0phtCrack 4 (now
called "LC4"): Windows password auditing and recovery application
L0phtCrack attempts to crack Windows passwords from hashes which it can obtain (given proper access) from stand-alone Windows NT/2000 workstations, networked servers, primary domain controllers, or Active Directory. In some cases it can sniff the hashes off the wire. It also has numerous methods of generating password guesses (dictionary, brute force, etc). L0phtcrack currently costs $350/machine and no source code is provided. Companies on a tight budget may want to look at John the Ripper, Cain & Abel, and pwdump3.
Retina: Commertial vulnerability assessment scanner by eEye
Like Nessus and ISS Internet Scanner mentioned previously, Retina's function is to scan all the hosts on a network and report on any vulnerabilities found.
Netfilter: The current Linux kernel packet filter/firewall
Netfilter is a powerful packet filter which is implemented in the standard Linux kernel. The userspace iptables tool is used for configuration. It now supports packet filtering (stateless or stateful), all different kinds of NAT (Network Address Translation) and packet mangling. For non-Linux platforms, see pf (OpenBSD), ipfilter (many other UNIX variants), or even the Zone Alarm personal firewall (Windows).
traceroute/ping/telnet/whois: The basics
While there are many whiz-bang high-tech tools out there to assist in security auditing, don't forget about the basics! Everyone should be very familiar with these tools as they come with most operating systems (except that Windows omits whois and uses the name tracert). They can be very handy in a pitch, although for more advanced usage you may be better off with Hping2 and Netcat.
Fport: Foundstone's enhanced netstat
fport reports all open TCP/IP and UDP ports on the machine you run it
on and shows what application opened each port. So it can be used to
quickly identify unknown open ports and their associated applications.
It only runs on Windows, but many UNIX systems now provided this
information via netstat (try 'netstat -pan' on Linux). Here is a
PDF-Format SANS article on using Fport and analyzing the results.
SAINT: Security Administrator's Integrated Network Tool
Saint is another commercial vulnerability assessment tool (like ISS Internet Scanner or eEye Retina). Unlike those Windows-only tools, SAINT runs exclusively on UNIX. Saint used to be free and open source, but is now a commercial product.
Network Stumbler: Free Windows 802.11 Sniffer
Netstumbler is the best known Windows tool for finding open wireless access points ("wardriving"). They also distribute a WinCE version for PDAs and such called Ministumbler. The tool is currently free but Windows-only and no source code is provided. They note that "the author reserves the right to change this license agreement as he sees fit, without notice." UNIX users (and advanced Win users) may want to look at Kismet instead.
SARA: Security Auditor's Research Assistant
SARA is a vulnerability assessment tool that was derived from the infamous SATAN scanner. They try to release updates twice a month and try to leverage other software created by the open source community (such as Nmap and Samba).
N-Stealth: Web server scanner
N-Stealth is a commercial web server security scanner. It is
generally updated more frequently than free web scanners such as whisker and nikto, but do
take their web site with a grain of salt. The claims of "30,000
vulnerabilities and exploits" and "Dozens of vulnerability checks are
added every day" are highly questionable. Also note that essentially
all general VA tools such as nessus, ISS, Retina, SAINT, and SARA include web
scanning components. They may not all be as up-to-date or flexible
though. N-stealth is Windows only and no source code is provided.
AirSnort: 802.11 WEP Encryption Cracking Tool
AirSnort is a wireless LAN (WLAN) tool that recovers encryption keys. It was developed by the Shmoo Group and operates by passively monitoring transmissions, computing the encryption key when enough packets have been gathered. Windows support is still very preliminary.
NBTScan: Gathers NetBIOS info from Windows networks
NBTscan is a program for scanning IP networks for NetBIOS name
information. It sends NetBIOS status query to each address in supplied
range and lists received information in human readable form. For each
responded host it lists IP address, NetBIOS computer name, logged-in
user name and MAC address.
GnuPG / PGP: Secure your files and communication w/advanced encryption
PGP is the famous encryption program by Phil Zimmerman which helps
secure your data from eavesdroppers and other risks. GnuPG is a very
well-regarded open source implentation of the PGP standard (the actual
executable is named gpg). While GnuPG is always free, PGP costs money
for some uses.
Firewalk: Advanced traceroute
Firewalk employs traceroute-like techniques to analyze IP packet responses to determine gateway ACL filters and map networks. This classic tool was rewritten from scratch in October 2002. Note that much or all of this functionality can also be performed by the Hping2 --traceroute option.
Cain & Abel: The poor man's L0phtcrack
Cain & Abel is a free password recovery tool for Microsoft Operating Systems. It allows easy recovery of various kind of passwords by sniffing the network, cracking encrypted passwords using Dictionary & Brute-Force attacks, decoding scrambled passwords, revealing password boxes, uncovering cached passwords and analyzing routing protocols. Source code is not provided.
XProbe2: Active OS fingerprinting tool
XProbe is a tool for determining the operating system of a remote
host. They do this using some of the same
techniques as Nmap as
well as many different ideas. Xprobe has always emphasized the ICMP
protocol in their fingerprinting approach.
SolarWinds Toolsets: A plethora of network discovery/monitoring/attack tools
SolarWinds has created and sells dozens of special-purpose tools
targetted at systems administrators. Security related tools include
many network discovery scanners and an SNMP brute-force cracker.
These tools are Windows only, cost money, and do not include source
code.
NGrep: Convenient packet matching & display
ngrep strives to provide most of GNU grep's common features, applying them to the network layer. ngrep is a pcap-aware tool that will allow you to specify extended regular or hexadecimal expressions to match against data payloads of packets. It currently recognizes TCP, UDP and ICMP across Ethernet, PPP, SLIP, FDDI, Token Ring and null interfaces, and understands bpf filter logic in the same fashion as more common packet sniffing tools, such as tcpdump and snoop.
Perl / Python: Portable, general-purpose scripting languages
While many canned security tools are available on this page for handling common tasks, it is important to have the ability to write your own (or modify the existing ones) when you need something more custom. Perl and Python make it very easy to write quick, portable scripts to test, exploit, or even fix systems! Archives like CPAN are filled with modules such as Net::RawIP and protocol implementations to make your tasks even easier.
THC-Amap: An application fingerprinting scanner
Amap (by THC) is a new but powerful
scanner which probes each port to identify applications and services rather than relying on static port mapping.
OpenSSL: The premier SSL/TLS encryption library
The OpenSSL Project is a collaborative effort to develop a robust,
commercial-grade, full-featured, and Open Source toolkit implementing
the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS
v1) protocols as well as a full-strength general purpose cryptography
library. The project is managed by a worldwide community of volunteers
that use the Internet to communicate, plan, and develop the OpenSSL
toolkit and its related documentation.
NTop: A network traffic usage monitor
Ntop shows network usage in a way similar to what top does for
processes. In interactive mode, it displays the network status on the
user's terminal. In Web mode, it acts as a Web server, creating an
HTML dump of the network status. It sports a NetFlow/sFlow
emitter/collector, an HTTP-based client interface for creating
ntop-centric monitoring applications, and RRD for persistently storing
traffic statistics.
Nemesis: Packet injection simplified
The Nemesis Project is designed to be a commandline-based, portable
human IP stack for UNIX/Linux (and now Windows!). The suite is broken down by protocol, and should allow for useful scripting of injected packet streams from simple shell scripts. If you enjoy Nemesis, you might also want to look at hping2. They complement each other well.
LSOF: LiSt Open Files
This Unix-specific diagnostic and forensics tool
lists information about any files that are open by processes currently
running on the system. It can also list communications sockets open by
each process.
Hunt: An advanced packet sniffing and connection intrusion tool for Linux
Hunt can watch TCP connections, intrude into them, or reset them.
Hunt is meant to be used on ethernet, and has active mechanisms to
sniff switched connections. Advanced features include selective ARP
relaying and connection synchronization after attacks. If you like
Hunt, also take a look at Ettercap and
Dsniff.
Honeyd: Your own personal honeynet
Honeyd is a small daemon that creates virtual hosts on a network. The
hosts can be configured to run arbitrary services, and their TCP
personality can be adapted so that they appear to be running certain
versions of operating systems. Honeyd enables a single host to claim
multiple addresses on a LAN for network simulation. It is possible to
ping the virtual machines, or to traceroute them. Any type of service
on the virtual machine can be simulated according to a simple
configuration file. It is also possible to proxy services to another
machine rather than simulating them. The web page is currently down
for legal reasons, but the V. 0.5 tarball is still available here.
Achilles: A Windows web attack proxy
Achilles is a tool designed for testing the security of web
applications. Achilles is a proxy server, which acts as a
man-in-the-middle during an HTTP session. A typical HTTP proxy will
relay packets to and from a client browser and a web server. Achilles
will intercept an HTTP session's data in either direction and give the
user the ability to alter the data before transmission. For example,
during a normal HTTP SSL connection a typical proxy will relay the
session between the server and the client and allow the two end nodes
to negotiate SSL. In contrast, when in intercept mode, Achilles will
pretend to be the server and negotiate two SSL sessions, one with the
client browser and another with the web server. As data is transmitted
between the two nodes, Achilles decrypts the data and gives the user
the ability to alter and/or log the data in clear text before
transmission.
Brutus: A network brute-force authentication cracker
This Windows-only cracker bangs against network services of remote
systems trying to guess passwords by using a dictionary and
permutations thereof. It supports HTTP, POP3, FTP, SMB, TELNET, IMAP,
NTP, and more. No source code is available. UNIX users should take a look at THC-Hydra.
Stunnel: A general-purpose SSL cryptographic wrapper
The stunnel program is designed to work as an SSL encryption wrapper between remote client and local (inetd-startable) or remote server. It can be used to add SSL functionality to commonly used inetd daemons like POP2, POP3, and IMAP servers without any changes in the programs' code. It will negotiate an SSL connection using the OpenSSL or SSLeay libraries.
Paketto Keiretsu: Extreme TCP/IP
The Paketto Keiretsu is a collection of tools that use new and unusual
strategies for manipulating TCP/IP networks. They tap functionality
within existing infrastructure and stretch protocols beyond what they
were originally intended for. It includes Scanrand, an unusually fast
network service and topology discovery system, Minewt, a user space
NAT/MAT router, linkcat, which presents a Ethernet link to stdio,
Paratrace, which traces network paths without spawning new
connections, and Phentropy, which uses OpenQVIS to render arbitrary
amounts of entropy from data sources in three dimensional phase space.
Got all that? :).
Fragroute: IDS systems' worst nightmare
Fragroute intercepts, modifies, and rewrites egress traffic,
implementing most of the attacks described in the Secure Networks IDS
Evasion paper. It features a simple ruleset language to delay,
duplicate, drop, fragment, overlap, print, reorder, segment,
source-route, or otherwise monkey with all outbound packets destined
for a target host, with minimal support for randomized or
probabilistic behaviour. This tool was written in good faith to aid in
the testing of intrusion detection systems, firewalls, and basic
TCP/IP stack behaviour. Like Dsniff, and Libdnet, this excellent tool was written by Dug Song.
SPIKE Proxy: HTTP Hacking
Spike Proxy is an open source HTTP proxy for finding security flaws in
web sites. It is part of the Spike Application Testing
Suite and supports automated SQL injection detection, web site
crawling, login form brute forcing, overflow detection, and directory
traversal detection.
THC-Hydra: Parallized network authentication cracker
This tool allows for rapid dictionary attacks against network login
systems, including FTP, POP3, IMAP, Netbios, Telnet, HTTP Auth, LDAP
NNTP, VNC, ICQ, Socks5, PCNFS, and more. It includes SSL support and
is apparently now part of Nessus. Like Amap, this release is from the fine folks at THC.
The Next 25
To save space & time, the next 25 best tools are listed in a more compact table:
cheops / cheops-ng: Gives a simple interface to many network utilities, maps local or remote networks and identifies OS of machines
zone alarm: Windows Personal firewall software. They offer a limited free version, but much of the functionality is disabled. Some users prefer Kerio Personal Firewall, which also sports free and commercial versions.
Visual Route: Obtains traceroute/whois data and plots it on a World map
The Coroner's Toolkit (TCT): A collection of tools that are either oriented towards gathering or analyzing forensic data on a Unix system
Did not appear on the 
