WOROI: 67 - Insula

WOROI: 67 - Insula

WOROI: 67 - Insula

Abbreviation: INS
Abbreviation: Ins

Variation: Insular cortex
Variation: Insular
Variation: Cortex Insularis

External databases

BrainInfo: 93
IBVD: Insula
Wikipedia: Insular cortex
ICBM Label: 51

Taxonomy

Parents	Siblings	Children
Cerebral Cortex		Posterior insula Anterior insula Left insula Right insula Economo-Koskinas area IA Economo-Koskinas area IB Economo-Koskinas area IC Economo-Koskinas area ID

Talairach coordinates

x	y	z	Lobar anatomy	WOBIB	WOEXP
39	26	-9	Right insula	3	6
-39	-24	-9	Left insula	3	6
56	17	-6	Right insula	3	7
-53	14	-8	Left insula	3	7
-40	8	-10	Left insular cortex	4	9
40	8	-12	Right insular cortex	4	9
-32	8	-14	Left insular cortex	4	10
30	8	-16	Right insular cortex	4	10
-30	16	7	Anterior insula	8	16
-42	-10	-6	Posterior insula	8	20
36	-6	0	Right insula	13	34
-38	12	12	Left insula	13	34
32	16	-4	Right insula	13	35
32	-40	24	Right posterior insula	14	42
44	-16	-4	Right insula	14	43
28	23	3	Right anterior insula	17	50
36	5	13	Right anterior insula	17	50
36	-13	8	Right posterior insula	17	50
40	10	0	Left frontal insula	17	50
58	-36	18	Right insula	19	53
31	22	8	Right insula	19	53
-31	20	14	Left insula	19	53
-44	-2	7	Left insula	19	53
-40	2	2	Left anterior insula	23	72
40	8	1	Right anterior insula	23	75
-36	-15	12	Left insula	32	110
-30	20	4	Left anterior insula	35	118
-30	22	0	Left anterior insula	35	120
-38	-6	16	Left posterior insula	35	121
48	-10	0	Right planum temporale and insula	39	132
34	7	17	Right inferior frontal operculum/Insula	39	132
36	-2	6	Insula	45	148
-41	-12	1	Insula	45	148
-32	20	7	Insula	47	152
-44	6	-4	Left middle insula	54	176
44	9	-6	Right middle insula	54	176
-36	-20	23	Left posterior insula	56	180
32	13	18	Right anterior insula	56	180
-36	-20	23	Left posterior insula	56	181
32	13	18	Right anterior insula	56	181
40	9	0	Anterior insula	57	182
-40	18	6	Anterior insula	57	183
36	-12	12	Right Mid-/anterior insula	58	184
-38	-4	0	Left Mid-/anterior insula	58	184
36	18	4	Right anterior insula	60	186
-30	24	5	Left anterior insula	60	186
-39	-18	19	Left posterior insula	60	186
39	9	7	Right middle insula	60	187
-53	-3	7	Left middle insula	60	187
-39	-18	19	Left posterior insula	60	187
42	19	-6	Right anterior insula	60	188
-36	22	-4	Left anterior insula	60	188
-36	12	1	Left middle insula	60	188
42	-16	19	Right posterior insula	60	188
56	9	1	Right inferior insula	60	188
36	12	4	Right middle insula	60	189
-36	9	7	Left middle insula	60	189
45	-13	14	Right posterior insula	60	189
-33	16	-8	Anterior insula	62	193
-31	14	-6	Anterior insula	62	195
38	6	-12	Right superior temporal gyrus/insula	68	209
28	18	-4	Right anterior insula	68	209
-37	-9	3	Insula	69	213
-37	5	3	Insula	69	213
-37	-9	3	Insula	69	214
-37	5	3	Insula	69	214
-37	-9	3	Insula	69	215
-37	5	3	Insula	69	215
-37	-9	3	Insula	69	216
-37	5	3	Insula	69	216
-37	-9	3	Insula	69	217
-37	5	3	Insula	69	217
-40	-25	4	Left insula	71	220
35	-11	-2	Right anterior-mid insula	71	222
38	-6	4	Right anterior-mid insula	71	222
35	31	9	Right anterior insula	71	223
46	11	9	Right anterior insula	71	223
-32	22	15	Left anterior insula	71	223
38	17	9	Right anterior insula	71	224
-34	15	3	Insula	72	225
43	6	6	Insula	72	226
40	12	9	Insula	72	227
-42	-10	14	Insula	75	230
-28	14	9	Left insula	76	233
-30	12	7	Left insula	76	234
-20	10	14	Left insula	76	238
38	-7	3	Right insular cortex	77	242
-38	-7	3	Left insular cortex	77	242
-35	-6	7	Left insula	79	245
-40	0	6	Left insula	82	256
-38	-1	17	Left insula	82	260
34	30	8	Insula	83	262
40	1	17	Insula	83	263
34	12	10	Insula	83	263
-30	20	14	Insula	83	264
53	-11	9	Right insula	85	271
39	-10	-10	Right insula (inferior)	85	274
-42	-1	11	Insular cortex	92	293
52	17	-8	Insular cortex	94	297
-33	23	7	Anterior insula	95	298
-39	1	11	Mid-insular	95	299
-31	-14	8	N. lenticularis/posterior insula	95	299
35	3	4	Mid-insula	95	299
-36	0	6	Insula, left	97	302
-29	-3	20	Insula, left	98	306
35	0	20	Insula, right	98	306
36	0	4	Insula	100	312
-34	10	-4	Insula	100	312
-30	8	7	Insula/lenticular nucleus	102	319
-37	-19	14	Posterior insula	102	319
-26	5	4	Insula/lenticular nucleus	102	320
39	3	14	Insula/operc. precentral	102	320
-22	26	4	Left caudate/insula	105	329
31	21	2	Frontal, inferior/insular	106	331
44	20	10	Right insula	107	336
-28	-6	16	Left insular cortex	108	337
36	-4	12	Right insular cortex	108	337
-35	15	7	Left insular	116	349
-36	18	1	Left insular	116	352
-39	-13	14	Left insular	116	354
29	10	8	Right insular	116	355
-42	6	5	Left insular	116	355
38	6	9	Anterior insula	117	362
-31	5	5	Ipsilateral anterior insula	117	362
38	-13	-5	Posterior insula	117	364
-32	-7	-8	Ipsilateral posterior insula	117	364
42	15	9	Anterior insula	117	366
-39	-24	9	Posterior insula	118	367
35	3	7	Insula	118	367
-33	1	0	Anterior insula	118	368
-39	-22	16	Posterior insula	118	368
30	-6	14	Insula	118	368
28	-25	1	Right posterior insula	122	380
-34	-29	1	Left posterior insula	122	380
48	-6	0	Right insula	125	387
50	-6	2	Right insula	125	388
-30	10	0	Claustrum/insula	130	402
36	-38	4	Adjacent caudate (tail), posterior insula	130	402
38	-26	0	Insula	130	402
38	4	8	Insula	130	402
34	-2	4	Claustrum/insula	130	402
30	-26	4	Posterior insula	130	403
38	-11	-6	Right insula	134	412
44	-9	10	Right insula	134	414
40	4	4	Right mid-insula	135	417
-36	12	0	Left insula/inferior frontal gyrus	135	419
32	10	1	Right insula	137	424
-40	11	-7	Left insula	137	424
32	21	1	Right insula	138	426
27	18	10	Right anterior insula	148	456
36	-16	6	Right posterior insula	148	456
41	9	12	Right anterior insula	149	457
29	-10	15	Right posterior insula	149	457
39	-1	-11	Right orbitoinsular junction	149	458
40	13	13	Right anterior insula	149	459
-34	-7	8	Left temporal insula	152	468
21	6	15	Right insula/claustrum	158	487
-34	-2	9	Left insula/claustrum	158	487
36	22	10	Anterior portion of the right insular cortex	160	492
38	14	4	Right insular cortex	166	510
34	25	-5	Right inferior frontal gyrus/insula	171	524
-38	33	6	Left inferior frontal gyrus, insula	171	525
-35	-13	2	Left insula	173	532
39	-11	4	Right insula	173	532
-31	18	-3	Left insula	176	538
38	18	-3	Right insula	176	539
-32	22	2	Left insula	176	539
-36	6	4	Insula	177	547
33	8	-8	Anterior insula	178	557
-34	8	-6	Anterior insula	178	560
37	16	9	Right anterior insula	178	561
-32	16	10	Left anterior insula	178	561
35	15	3	Right insula	179	562
-33	14	-1	Left insula	179	562
-28	18	8	Left insula	185	582

Summary

x	y	z	Description
-35	3	5	Mean coordinate in left hemisphere
38	3	5	Mean coordinate in right hemisphere
36	3	5	Mean coordinate with ignored left/right
20	-40	-16	Minimum coordinate with ignored left/right
58	33	24	Maximum coordinate with ignored left/right
6	15	8	Standard deviation with ignored left/right

Text contexts

When compared to viewing emotionally neutral film excerpts, viewing erotic film excerpts was associated, for both genders, with bilateral blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal increases in the anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal, orbitofrontal, insular, and occipitotemporal cortices, as well as in the amygdala and the ventral striatum	Sherif Karama; Andre R. Lecours; Jean-Maxime Leroux; Pierre Bourgouin; Gilles Beaudoin; Sven Joubert; Mario Beauregard. Areas of brain activation in males and females during viewing of erotic film excerpts. Human Brain Mapping 16(1):1-13, 2002. PMID: 11870922. WOBIB: 4.
Multiple brain areas, including bilateral secondary somatosensory cortices (SII) and insula, and the frontal lobe and thalamus contralateral to the stimulus side, were found to be involved in the response to painful stimulation	X. Xu; H. Fukuyama; S. Yazawa; T. Mima; T. Hanakawa; Y. Magata; M. Kanda; N. Fujiwara; K. Shindo; T. Nagamine; H. Shibasaki. Functional localization of pain perception in the human brain studied by PET. NeuroReport 8(2):555-559, 1997. PMID: 9080447. WOBIB: 13.
While our data indicate that the bilateral SII play an important role in pain perception, they also indicate that there is no pain-related somatotopic organization in the human SII or insula	X. Xu; H. Fukuyama; S. Yazawa; T. Mima; T. Hanakawa; Y. Magata; M. Kanda; N. Fujiwara; K. Shindo; T. Nagamine; H. Shibasaki. Functional localization of pain perception in the human brain studied by PET. NeuroReport 8(2):555-559, 1997. PMID: 9080447. WOBIB: 13.
On the left side, activation of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, superior precentral gyrus, thalamus and the caudal part of the anterior cingulate gyrus was seen, while on the right side we found activation in the supramarginal gyrus, mesencephalon and insula	S. Nour; Claus Svarer; J. K. Kristensen; O. B. Paulson; I. Law. Cerebral activation during micturition in normal men. Brain 123 ( Pt 4):781-9, 2000. PMID: 10734009. WOBIB: 17.
09) without correction for multiple comparisons, we found additional activation in the medial pontine tegmentum, mesencephalon, right thalamus, right middle frontal gyrus and left insula	S. Nour; Claus Svarer; J. K. Kristensen; O. B. Paulson; I. Law. Cerebral activation during micturition in normal men. Brain 123 ( Pt 4):781-9, 2000. PMID: 10734009. WOBIB: 17.
fMRI regions that correlated with the amplitude of the P300 wave were supramarginal gyri, thalamus, insula and right medial frontal gyrus, and are presumably sources of the P300 wave	Silvina Horovitz; Pawel Skudlarski; John Gore. Correlations and dissociations between BOLD signal and P300 amplitude in an auditory oddball task: a parametric approach to combining fMRI and ERP. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 20(4):319, 2002. PMID: 12165350. WOBIB: 19.
In accord with previous studies, the results showed that being aware of causing an action was associated with activation in the anterior insula, whereas being aware of not causing the action and attributing it to another person was associated with activation in the inferior parietal cortex	Chl�� Farrer; Chris D. Frith. Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action: the neural correlates of the experience of agency. NeuroImage 15(3):596-603, 2002. PMID: 11848702. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.1009. WOBIB: 23.
We suggest that the anterior insula is concerned with the integration of all the concordant multimodal sensory signals associated with voluntary movements	Chl�� Farrer; Chris D. Frith. Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action: the neural correlates of the experience of agency. NeuroImage 15(3):596-603, 2002. PMID: 11848702. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.1009. WOBIB: 23.
Specifically, recall of previously memorized words from temporal cues was associated with activity in the basal forebrain, right middle frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus, whereas their recall from person cues was associated with activity in the left insula, right middle frontal gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus	Toshikatsu Fujii; Jiro Okuda; Takashi Tsukiura; Hiroya Ohtake; Rina Miura; Reiko Fukatsu; Kyoko Suzuki; Ryuta Kawashima; Masatoshi Itoh; Hiroshi Fukuda; Atsushi Yamadori. The role of the basal forebrain in episodic memory retrieval: a positron emission tomography study. NeuroImage 15(3):501-8, 2002. PMID: 11848693. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0995. WOBIB: 32.
The activity was restricted to foci in the medial insula and the anterior cingulate cortex and, subcortically, in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, all bilaterally	Andreas Bartels; Semir Zeki. The neural basis of romantic love. NeuroReport 11(17):3829-3834, 2000. PMID: 11117499. WOBIB: 54.
Temperature sensation is regarded as a submodality of touch, but evidence suggests involvement of insular cortex rather than parietal somatosensory cortices	A. D. Craig; K. Chen; D. Bandy; Eric M. Reiman. Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nature Neuroscience 3(2):184-190, 2000. PMID: 10649575. DOI: 10.1038/72131. WOBIB: 56.
Using positron emission tomography (PET), we found contralateral activity correlated with graded cooling stimuli only in the dorsal margin of the middle/posterior insula in humans	A. D. Craig; K. Chen; D. Bandy; Eric M. Reiman. Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nature Neuroscience 3(2):184-190, 2000. PMID: 10649575. DOI: 10.1038/72131. WOBIB: 56.
Notably, perceived thermal intensity was well correlated with activation in the right (ipsilateral) anterior insular and orbitofrontal cortices	A. D. Craig; K. Chen; D. Bandy; Eric M. Reiman. Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nature Neuroscience 3(2):184-190, 2000. PMID: 10649575. DOI: 10.1038/72131. WOBIB: 56.
The cold pressor test evoked significant activity in the contralateral S1, and bilaterally in the somatosensory association areas (including S2), the ACC and the mid-insula	P. Petrovic; K. M. Petersson; P. H. Ghatan; S. Stone-Elander; M. Ingvar. Pain-related cerebral activation is altered by a distracting cognitive task. Pain 85(1-2):19-30, 2000. PMID: 10692599. WOBIB: 58.
Painful thermal stimulation of either hand elicited significant activity over a large network of brain regions, including insula, inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, secondary somatosensory cortex, cerebellum, and medial frontal gyrus (corrected P < 0	Jonathan C. W. Brooks; Turo J. Nurmikko; William E. Bimson; Krish D. Singh; Neil Roberts. fMRI of thermal pain: effects of stimulus laterality and attention. NeuroImage 15(2):293-301, 2002. PMID: 11798266. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0974. WOBIB: 60.
Insula activity was distributed along its anterior-posterior axis and depended on the hand stimulated and attentional context	Jonathan C. W. Brooks; Turo J. Nurmikko; William E. Bimson; Krish D. Singh; Neil Roberts. fMRI of thermal pain: effects of stimulus laterality and attention. NeuroImage 15(2):293-301, 2002. PMID: 11798266. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0974. WOBIB: 60.
In particular, activity within the posterior insula was contralateral to the site of stimulation, tested using regions of interest (ROI) analysis: significant side x site interaction (P = 0	Jonathan C. W. Brooks; Turo J. Nurmikko; William E. Bimson; Krish D. Singh; Neil Roberts. fMRI of thermal pain: effects of stimulus laterality and attention. NeuroImage 15(2):293-301, 2002. PMID: 11798266. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0974. WOBIB: 60.
With attention diverted from the painful stimulus bilateral anterior insula activity moved posteriorly to midinsula and decreased in extent (ROI analysis: significant main effect of attention (P = 0	Jonathan C. W. Brooks; Turo J. Nurmikko; William E. Bimson; Krish D. Singh; Neil Roberts. fMRI of thermal pain: effects of stimulus laterality and attention. NeuroImage 15(2):293-301, 2002. PMID: 11798266. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0974. WOBIB: 60.
Comparing baseline scans during pain with scans taken after stimulation, when the patient had become pain-free, revealed significant rCBF increases in the prefrontal (Brodmann areas (BA) 9, 10, 11 and 47) and anterior insular cortices, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray associated with the presence of chronic pain	R. C. Kupers; J. M. Gybels; Albert Gjedde. Positron emission tomography study of a chronic pain patient successfully treated with somatosensory thalamic stimulation. Pain 87(3):295-302, 2000. PMID: 10963909. WOBIB: 62.
During thalamic stimulation, blood flow significantly increased in the amygdala and anterior insular cortex	R. C. Kupers; J. M. Gybels; Albert Gjedde. Positron emission tomography study of a chronic pain patient successfully treated with somatosensory thalamic stimulation. Pain 87(3):295-302, 2000. PMID: 10963909. WOBIB: 62.
A comparison of PERSONAL and IMPERSONAL (autobiographical vs nonautobiographical episodic memory ecphory) demonstrated a preponderantly right hemispheric activation including primarily right temporomesial and temporolateral cortex, right posterior cingulate areas, right insula, and right prefrontal areas	G. R. Fink; H. J. Markowitsch; M. Reinkemeier; T. Bruckbauer; J. Kessler; W. D. Heiss. Cerebral representation of one's own past: neural networks involved in autobiographical memory. Journal of Neuroscience 16(13):4275-82, 1996. PMID: 8753888. WOBIB: 68.
Both strong and mild expressions of disgust activated anterior insular cortex but not the amygdala; strong disgust also activated structures linked to a limbic cortico-striatal-thalamic circuit	Mary L. Phillips; A. W. Young; C. Senior; M. Brammer; C. Andrew; A. J. Calder; E. T. Bullmore; D. I. Perrett; D. Rowland; Steven C. R. Williams; J. A. Gray; Anthony S. David. A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature 389(6650):495-8, 1997. PMID: 9333238. DOI: 10.1038/39051. WOBIB: 71.
In the 46 degrees C experiment, positive signal changes were found in the frontal gyri, anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex (SI and SII), supplementary motor area, insula, and cerebellum	L. R. Becerra; H. C. Breiter; M. Stojanovic; S. Fishman; A. Edwards; A. R. Comite; R. G. Gonzalez; D. Borsook. Human brain activation under controlled thermal stimulation and habituation to noxious heat: an fMRI study. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 41(5):1044-57, 1999. PMID: 10332889. WOBIB: 72.
The uniquely activated areas were in the secondary somatosensory region, insula, and posterior cingulate cortex	P. A. Gelnar; B. R. Krauss; P. R. Sheehe; N. M. Szeverenyi; A. V. Apkarian. A comparative fMRI study of cortical representations for thermal painful, vibrotactile, and motor performance tasks. NeuroImage 10(4):460-82, 1999. PMID: 10493903. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0482. WOBIB: 75.
Noxious stimulation caused an increase in regional cerebral blood flow in the thalamic nuclei and anterior cingulate and insular cortices	M. E. Faymonville; S. Laureys; C. Degueldre; G. DelFiore; A. Luxen; G. Franck; M. Lamy; P. Maquet. Neural mechanisms of antinociceptive effects of hypnosis. Anesthesiology 92(5):1257-67, 2000. PMID: 10781270. WOBIB: 76.
Cortically, brain blood flow decreased in the social phobics and increased in the comparison subjects more during public than private speaking in the orbitofrontal and insular cortices as well as in the temporal pole and increased less in the social phobics than in the comparison group in the parietal and secondary visual cortices	M. Tillfors; T. Furmark; I. Marteinsdottir; H�kan Fischer; A. Pissiota; B. Langstrom; M. Fredrikson. Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: a PET study. American Journal of Psychiatry 158(8):1220-6, 2001. PMID: 11481154. WOBIB: 77.
We observed an interaction between the predictability of stimuli and self-generated actions in several areas, including the medial posterior cingulate cortex, left insula, dorsomedial thalamus, superior colliculus and right inferior temporal cortex	S. J. Blakemore; G. Rees; C. D. Frith. How do we predict the consequences of our actions? A functional imaging study. Neuropsychologia 36(6):521-9, 1998. PMID: 9705062. WOBIB: 82.
Negative relations were observed bilaterally in the secondary visual cortex (Areas 18 and 19) and the right inferior parietal cortex (Area 39), with a tendency also for the right insular cortex (Areas 13, 15, and 16)	M. Fredrikson; T. Furmark; M. T. Olsson; H�kan Fischer; J. Andersson; B. Langstrom. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of electrodermal activity: a positron emission tomographic study. Psychophysiology 35(2):179-85, 1998. PMID: 9529944. WOBIB: 94.
Because results from lesion and stimulation studies in humans converge with the present imaging results, we conclude that the cingulum and the motor cortex, in addition to the parietal and possibly the insular cortex, form part of one or several distributed neural network(s) involved in electrodermal control	M. Fredrikson; T. Furmark; M. T. Olsson; H�kan Fischer; J. Andersson; B. Langstrom. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of electrodermal activity: a positron emission tomographic study. Psychophysiology 35(2):179-85, 1998. PMID: 9529944. WOBIB: 94.
These structures include the contralateral M1/S1 cortex, bilateral S2 and mid-insular cortex, contralateral VP thalamus, medial ipsilateral thalamus, and the vermis and paravermis of the cerebellum	K. L. Casey; T. J. Morrow; J. Lorenz; S. Minoshima. Temporal and spatial dynamics of human forebrain activity during heat pain: analysis by positron emission tomography. Journal of Neurophysiology 85(2):951-9, 2001. PMID: 11160525. WOBIB: 95.
Some cortical, but not subcortical, structures showed significant or borderline activation only during the early scans (ipsilateral premotor cortex, contralateral perigenual anterior cingulate, lateral prefrontal, and anterior insular cortex); they may mediate pain-related attentive or anticipatory functions	K. L. Casey; T. J. Morrow; J. Lorenz; S. Minoshima. Temporal and spatial dynamics of human forebrain activity during heat pain: analysis by positron emission tomography. Journal of Neurophysiology 85(2):951-9, 2001. PMID: 11160525. WOBIB: 95.
Disgusted facial expressions activated the right putamen and the left insula cortex, whereas enhanced activity in the posterior part of the right gyrus cinguli and the medial temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere was observed during processing of angry faces	R. Sprengelmeyer; M. Rausch; U. T. Eysel; H. Przuntek. Neural structures associated with recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 265(1409):1927-31, 1998. PMID: 9821359. WOBIB: 97.
We detected signal increase in the right middle temporal gyrus and left prefrontal cortex during presentation of familiar faces, and in several brain regions, including bilateral posterior cingulate gyri, bilateral insulae and right middle occipital cortex during presentation of unfamiliar faces	Mary L. Phillips; E. T. Bullmore; R. Howard; P. W. Woodruff; I. C. Wright; Steven C. R. Williams; A. Simmons; C. Andrew; M. Brammer; Anthony S. David. Investigation of facial recognition memory and happy and sad facial expression perception: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Research 83(3):127-38, 1998. PMID: 9849722. WOBIB: 98.
Significant rCBF increases to 50 degrees C stimuli were found contralaterally in the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, premotor cortex, and secondary somatosensory (S2) and posterior insular cortices	K. L. Casey; S. Minoshima; T. J. Morrow; R. A. Koeppe. Comparison of human cerebral activation pattern during cutaneous warmth, heat pain, and deep cold pain. Journal of Neurophysiology 76(1):571-81, 1996. PMID: 8836245. WOBIB: 102.
Significant activity also appeared within the region of the contralateral anterior insula and lenticular nucleus	K. L. Casey; S. Minoshima; T. J. Morrow; R. A. Koeppe. Comparison of human cerebral activation pattern during cutaneous warmth, heat pain, and deep cold pain. Journal of Neurophysiology 76(1):571-81, 1996. PMID: 8836245. WOBIB: 102.
Regions more active in retrieval than encoding included bilateral inferior parietal cortex, bilateral precuneus, right frontal polar cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right inferior frontal/insular cortex	K. B. McDermott; J. G. Ojemann; Steven E. Petersen; J. M. Ollinger; A. Z. Snyder; E. Akbudak; T. E. Conturo; Marcus E. Raichle. Direct comparison of episodic encoding and retrieval of words: an event-related fMRI study. Memory 7(5-6):661-78, 1999. PMID: 10659091. WOBIB: 106.
Painful stimulation produced contralateral activation in primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI and SII), anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, the supplemental motor area of the frontal cortex, and thalamus	R. C. Coghill; J. D. Talbot; A. C. Evans; Ernst Meyer; Albert Gjedde; M. C. Bushnell; G. H. Duncan. Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 14(7):4095-108, 1994. PMID: 8027764. WOBIB: 117.
Vibrotactile stimulation produced activation in contralateral SI, and bilaterally in SII and posterior insular cortices	R. C. Coghill; J. D. Talbot; A. C. Evans; Ernst Meyer; Albert Gjedde; M. C. Bushnell; G. H. Duncan. Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 14(7):4095-108, 1994. PMID: 8027764. WOBIB: 117.
In contrast, painful stimuli were significantly more effective in activating the anterior insula, a region heavily linked with both somatosensory and limbic systems	R. C. Coghill; J. D. Talbot; A. C. Evans; Ernst Meyer; Albert Gjedde; M. C. Bushnell; G. H. Duncan. Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 14(7):4095-108, 1994. PMID: 8027764. WOBIB: 117.
Both genders showed a bilateral activation of premotor cortex in addition to the activation of a number of contralateral structures, including the posterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex and the cerebellar vermis, during heat pain	P. E. Paulson; S. Minoshima; T. J. Morrow; K. L. Casey. Gender differences in pain perception and patterns of cerebral activation during noxious heat stimulation in humans. Pain 76(1-2):223-9, 1998. PMID: 9696477. WOBIB: 118.
Volume of interest comparison (t-statistic) also suggested greater activation of the contralateral insula and thalamus in the females (P < 0	P. E. Paulson; S. Minoshima; T. J. Morrow; K. L. Casey. Gender differences in pain perception and patterns of cerebral activation during noxious heat stimulation in humans. Pain 76(1-2):223-9, 1998. PMID: 9696477. WOBIB: 118.
RESULTS: Brain regions in which activity was significantly correlated with tic occurrence in the group included medial and lateral premotor cortices, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral-rostral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, putamen, and caudate, as well as primary motor cortex, the Broca's area, superior temporal gyrus, insula, and claustrum	E. Stern; D. A. Silbersweig; K. Y. Chee; Andrew Holmes; M. M. Robertson; M. Trimble; Christopher D. Frith; Richard S. J. Frackowiak; Raymond J. Dolan. A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 57(8):741-748, 2000. PMID: 10920461. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 130.
In an individual patient with prominent coprolalia, such vocal tics were associated with activity in prerolandic and postrolandic language regions, insula, caudate, thalamus, and cerebellum, while activity in sensorimotor cortex was noted with motor tics	E. Stern; D. A. Silbersweig; K. Y. Chee; Andrew Holmes; M. M. Robertson; M. Trimble; Christopher D. Frith; Richard S. J. Frackowiak; Raymond J. Dolan. A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 57(8):741-748, 2000. PMID: 10920461. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 130.
The results demonstrate that the right superior temporal cortex, the insula and subcortically putamen and caudate nucleus are the neural structures damaged significantly more often in patients with spatial neglect	Hans-Otto Karnath; Monika Fruhmann Berger; Wilhelm Kuker; Chris Rorden. The Anatomy of Spatial Neglect based on Voxelwise Statistical Analysis: A Study of 140 Patients. Cerebral Cortex 14(10):1164-1172, 2004. PMID: 15142954. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh076. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 133.
FINDINGS: In the acute pain state, activation was seen in the ipsilateral inferior hypothalamic grey matter, the contralateral ventroposterior thalamus, the anterior cingulate cortex, and bilaterally in the insulae	Arne May; Anish Bahra; Christian B�chel; Richard S. J. Frackowiak; Peter J. Goadsby. Hypothalamic activation in cluster headache attacks. Lancet 352(9124):275-278, 1998. PMID: 9690407. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 137.
The citalopram-induced change in cerebral metabolism was positively correlated with age in the right precuneus, right paracentral lobule, and left middle temporal gyrus and negatively correlated with age in the left anterior cingulate gyrus, right inferior and middle frontal gyri, right insula, and right inferior parietal lobule	Sara Goldberg; Gwenn S. Smith; Anna Barnes; Yilong Ma; Elisse Kramer; Kimberly Robeson; Margaret Kirshner; Bruce G. Pollock; David Eidelberg. Serotonin modulation of cerebral glucose metabolism in normal aging. Neurobiology of Aging 25(2):167-174, 2004. PMID: 14749134. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 138.
Multimodally responsive areas comprised a right-lateralized network including the temporoparietal junction, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and left cingulate and supplementary motor areas	J. Downar; A. P. Crawley; D. J. Mikulis; K. D. Davis. A multimodal cortical network for the detection of changes in the sensory environment. Nature Neuroscience 3(3):277-283, 2000. PMID: 10700261. DOI: 10.1038/72991. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 148.
A significant negative correlation was observed between binding potential values and the novelty seeking scores on TCI in the right insular cortex	T. Suhara; F. Yasuno; Y. Sudo; M. Yamamoto; M. Inoue; Y. Okubo; K. Suzuki. Dopamine D2 receptors in the insular cortex and the personality trait of novelty seeking. NeuroImage 13(5):891-895, 2001. PMID: 11304084. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0761. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 160.
Our result indicates that there is a significant association between dopamine D2 receptor binding and the human novelty seeking trait in the right insular cortex	T. Suhara; F. Yasuno; Y. Sudo; M. Yamamoto; M. Inoue; Y. Okubo; K. Suzuki. Dopamine D2 receptors in the insular cortex and the personality trait of novelty seeking. NeuroImage 13(5):891-895, 2001. PMID: 11304084. DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0761. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 160.
05) of normalized cerebral counts were located in the left sensorimotor cortex (MISI), right motor cortex, left thalamus, right insula, supplementary motor area (SMA), and bilaterally in the primary auditory cortex and the cerebellum	Morten Blinkenberg; Christian Bonde; S�ren Holm; Claus Svarer; Jimmy Andersen; Olaf B. Paulson; Ian Law. Rate dependence of regional cerebral activation during performance of a repetitive motor task: a PET study. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 16(5):794-803, 1996. PMID: 8784224. DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199609000-00004. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 166.
Unfair offers elicited activity in brain areas related to both emotion (anterior insula) and cognition (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)	Alan G. Sanfey; James K. Rilling; Jessica A. Aronson; Leigh E. Nystrom; Jonathan D. Cohen. The Neural Basis of Economic decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game. Science 300(5626):1755-1758, 2003. PMID: 12805551. DOI: 10.1126/science.1082976. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 179.
Further, significantly heightened activity in anterior insula for rejected unfair offers suggests an important role for emotions in decision-making	Alan G. Sanfey; James K. Rilling; Jessica A. Aronson; Leigh E. Nystrom; Jonathan D. Cohen. The Neural Basis of Economic decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game. Science 300(5626):1755-1758, 2003. PMID: 12805551. DOI: 10.1126/science.1082976. FMRIDCID: . WOBIB: 179.