Stanford University Press Blog

Death and Shakespeare

Raising a morbid glass to the Bard on his 400th death day.

Four hundred years after his death on April 23, 1616, William Shakespeare remains one of the most timeless and influential poets, playwrights, and historians in the world. Amidst the worldwide Quadricentennial commemorations of his death, Stanford University Press will begin publishing the Stanford Global Shakespeare Encyclopedia online. In honor of the Bard's 400th death day, the following post has been adapted from the forthcoming encyclopedia's entry for "death."

Death. Death was a presence for the Elizabethans, in ways difficult for many inhabitants of modern societies to comprehend. It haunted the nursery, where a quarter of the children died before adolescence, and (according to Aldgate parish records from the 1590s) one in every 40 births killed the mother. In the form of the bubonic plague, it could sweep unpredictably and uncontrollably through cities and continents; the year before Shakespeare’s birth in 1564, plague killed nearly a quarter of the population of London, and wrought similar havoc across Europe decade after decade, with no respect for age or rank.

A frequent moral theme in Shakespeare’s world, echoed in his plays, was the reminder that death overrides earthly status.

Corpses were seldom decorously hidden: England had no hospitals (in the modern sense), and the dead and dying were seen and smelled and touched in the small unpartitioned spaces of the Early Modern domicile. Nor was there an escape, in the realm of the spiritual, from this mortality of the body. Mourning bells tolled through the towns, churches were decorated with images of rotting cadavers designed to remind people to value Christian salvation over mundane desires of the flesh, and sermons hammered home the same message: memento mori, remember that you will die. The pious kept skulls in their rooms, as Hamlet does in his hand, to meditate on the transience of human life, in comparison to eternity. Prostitutes often wore rings decorated with skulls, apparently for opposite reasons, encouraging customers to seek pleasure while they could.

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Posted on April 23, 2016 in Literary Theory | Permalink | Comments (0)

A Poetry Month Reading List

6 new books on poets and poetry, from British Romanticism to Moroccan Leftism.

CC BY-2.0 via Flickr.

In honor of National Poetry Month—a now 20-year strong tradition—we’ve pulled together a few of our latest books celebrating the genre and its many diverse cultural traditions, including an anthology, a novel, a biography, and a bevy of poetry analysis and criticism.

The Full Severity of Compassion »
The Poetry of Yehuda Amichai

by CHANA KRONFELD

The late Yehuda Amichai, widely considered one of the greatest poets of our time and perhaps the most important Jewish poet since Paul Celan, was, in life, never interested in playing the role of the Great Poet. Such is the observation of Chana Kronfeld whose account of Amichai and his work (described as “penetrating” by the New York Times) blends a critical literary perspective with personal insights derived from her own lifelong friendship with him. Lionized by the literary canon, Amichai became required reading in Israel and beyond. Yet despite his notoriety, he remained always the “everyman” of the genre, whose accessible poetic style contained profound political and theological reflections, the nuances of which are often lost in prevailing interpretations of his work. But “in a series of crystalline readings,” writes James Wood in the New Yorker, Kronfeld restores the “cultural dangerousness” of Amichai's poetry in this volume.

ALSO OF INTEREST:
The Meridian: Final Version—Drafts—Materials
by PAUL CELAN, edited by Bernhard Böschenstein and Hein Schmull, translated by Pierre Joris

Watchwords »
Romanticism and the Poetics of Attention

by LILY GURTON-WACHTER

Drawing on the works of the darlings of British Romanticism—Blake, Coleridge, Cowper, Keats, Wordsworth, and Charlotte Smith—Watchwords explores the Romantic tradition’s preoccupation with attention, particularly against the backdrop of the great national events that surfaced during this period: war, invasion, surveillance, and general national alarm. Lily Gurton-Wachter contends that the Romantic poets explode the deceptively simple question of what we attend and how we attend by formally managing, deflecting, and distracting the reader’s attention in their own verse. Her account offers a persuasive argument for how the poetics of attention reflect the political debates and technological innovations of the time. “This book,” says Nancy Yousef (author of Romantic Intimacy), “will be important to all Romanticists interested in the dynamic relationship between aesthetic form, affect, and cultural milieu.”

ALSO OF INTEREST:
Marriage, Writing, and Romanticism: Wordsworth and Austen After War
by ERIC C. WALKER

Five Long Winters: The Trials of British Romanticism
by JOHN BUGG

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Posted on April 19, 2016 in Literary Theory | Permalink | Comments (0)

The Amazon Model

The retailer-turned-tech firm exemplifies a powerful two-pronged approach to innovation.

by CHARLES A. O’REILLY III and MICHAEL L. TUSHMAN

Photo by Mike Seyfang. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.

In 1994, Jeff Bezos incorporated Amazon.com and billed it as “The Earth’s Largest Bookstore.” In July the following year, the site went live. By 1996, Amazon had $16 million in sales, while its dominant competitors, Barnes and Noble and Borders Books, had roughly $2 billion in revenue each.

Fast-forward twenty years. Today Amazon employs more than 150,000 people and is a $90 billion purveyor of merchandise ranging from books and music to toys, electronics, jewelry, sporting goods, industrial products, diapers, clothes, food, wine, furniture, and fine art. In 2013, Amazon revenue grew 22 percent compared to Walmart’s 2.2 percent increase. It achieved revenues of $50 billion in sixteen years, half the time it took Walmart to hit this number. A McKinsey study indicated that compared to its five largest competitors, Amazon has roughly seven times the assortment of goods, 5 to 13 percent lower prices, and 13 percent higher customer satisfaction scores. Amazon also spends 6 percent of sales on R&D, three times the amount other retailers spend. Meanwhile, Borders has declared bankruptcy, and Barnes and Noble is struggling. In the words of a recent book on Amazon, it has become “The Everything Store.”

How did an online bookseller that held no inventory of its own transform itself in two decades into one of the preeminent technology firms in the world?

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Posted on April 7, 2016 in Business & Economics | Permalink | Comments (0)

How Leaders Become Disrupters

On getting company leaders on board with the innovation agenda—a case study from IBM.

by MICHAEL L. TUSHMAN

Photo by Sebastian Wiertz. CC BY-2.0 via Flickr.

In Lead and Disrupt, Charles O’Reilly and I describe how firms explore new markets, without sacrificing their core businesses. With some tremendous case studies, we demonstrate that innovation need not be the preserve of start-ups. Netflix, Amazon, and Walmart, among others, all show how it is possible for established firms to beat the “innovator’s dilemma” and lead the next wave of change in their markets.

How do you make the leap to achieve the balance between exploratory innovation and core operations?

I know that this may seem like an impossible dream, an idealistic moonshot. After all many successful firms are gripped by the demands of quarterly targets to deliver on short-term performance. Managers make their careers by squeezing out additional points, optimizing sales channels or making incremental improvements to existing product lines. The leadership teams of such firms are packed with good people whose strengths lie in this sort of operational management. They know innovation is important, but it’s risky and uncertain. So, how do you make the leap to achieve the balance between exploratory innovation and core operations? One key steps is to get leaders on board.

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Posted on April 6, 2016 in Business & Economics | Permalink | Comments (2)

Teaching Old Companies New Tricks

Some advice for established firms and what they can do to stay competitive.

an interview with CHARLES A. O'REILLY

Public domain via Pixabay.

Professors Charles A. O’Reilly of Stanford University, and Michael L. Tushman of the Harvard Business School, have long studied what makes businesses tick. For over a decade they have worked directly with a variety of business leaders through their consulting practice, Change Logic—an agency geared toward helping old firms learn new tricks. Too many established companies begin to flounder in their matures stages as a result of complacency, they’ve found—a fatal flaw that usually leaves them unprepared when start-ups enter the scene and begin edging into their markets. So how can successful companies avoid falling prey to market disruption? Easy: build disruption into the business model.

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Posted on April 5, 2016 in Business & Economics | Permalink | Comments (0)

The Strange New Ordinary

One Japanese film offers a window into the lived experience of the country’s recessionary period.

by ANDREA GEVURTZ ARAI

A still from the 2008 Kiyoshi Kurosawa film, Tokyo Sonata.

In 1989 through 1991, the Japanese Stock Exchange fell by 60 percent; gross domestic production followed suit, declining precipitously. From the famed double-digit growth of the 1960s through the mid-1970s, and a steady 4 percent annual rate during the 1980s, economic growth dropped to 1.5 percent by the year 2000 and dropped to negative rates by the time of the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States. As Japanese banks and businesses began to fail—for the first time since the Great Depression of the 1930s—terms of financial instability and failure, like bankruptcy and restructuring, identified in Japan with other countries like the United States and China, began to appear with regularity in the Japanese news. The financial plummet was met with domestic and international disbelief. It’s just a correction, wrote many international economists at the time; the Japanese will figure it out.

The financial downturn of the early 1990s led to a decade-and-a-half–long recession, constricting of the job market for young adults, and restructuring of the lifetime employment system.

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Posted on April 1, 2016 in Anthropology, Asian Studies | Permalink | Comments (0)

Tokyo’s Red-Light District

Selling love, romance, and companionship for wealthy women seeking an escape.

by AKIKO TAKEYAMA

Interior of a Tokyo red-light district host club. June 2015. Copyright Akiko Takeyama (used here with permission).

Tokyo has always had a magical effect on me. I grew up in Hamamatsu, a mid-sized industrial city known for producing Yamaha motorcycles and pianos. In contrast to my ordinary life there as an office assistant in the mid-nineties, I found Tokyo to be extraordinary—with its splendid commercial districts, dense population, and urban sprawl.

Tokyo’s host clubs evoke ambiguous feelings of pleasure, danger, risk, and reward among people seeking temporary escape and entertainment.

After studying in the United States for seven years, I returned to Japan in 2004 as an anthropologist to conduct research on Tokyo’s red-light district and the host clubs where men cater to female consumers for exorbitant sums of money. While living there, I saw firsthand how rapidly Tokyo had changed since my youth in the nineties. For instance, Roppongi Hills, a 54-story mega-complex of apartments, offices, bars and restaurants, designer boutiques, galleries, and a movie theater had just opened. Real estate developers, politicians, and journalists heralded the project as a vivid symbol of Japan’s future. Tourists took advantage of the building’s rooftop observation deck not only for its panoramic views of the city but also the excitement and even optimism that these scenes of urban life often provoke. While visitors enjoyed the view, global investors were privy to a different vision: such urban developments are also sites of intense speculation.

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Posted on March 31, 2016 in Anthropology, Asian Studies | Permalink | Comments (0)

A Man-Made Disaster

On the role of human error in the Fukushima nuclear accident.

by EDWARD D. BLANDFORD and SCOTT D. SAGAN

IAEA experts visit the Daiichi Nuclear Power Station to examine recovery work, April 2013. Photo by Greg Webb. CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr.

It has been five years to the day since the 2011 Tohoku earthquake shook the coastline of Japan’s Honshu island, leading to the tsunami that killed over 15,000 people. Beyond this real disaster, this tsunami also caused a major accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, which displaced hundreds of thousands more. The magnitude 9.0 earthquake and resultant tsunami destroyed offsite and onsite power supply to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station, causing the fuel of three reactors to melt and substantial amounts of radioactive material to be released out of the plant. The environmental and economic consequences of the Fukushima accident were significant. An estimated 200,000 Japanese were forced to relocate from their homes and their return awaits a massive land remediation effort that will take decades to complete.

The environmental and economic consequences of the Fukushima accident were significant.

Not surprisingly, much of the coverage of the incident tends to emphasize the resilience of Japanese society during the emergency and the fact that no individuals were killed immediately by the nuclear accident. The over 15,000 who were killed because the Japanese tsunami protection system did not warn or protect them all too often appear to be forgotten today. But these accounts overemphasize the role of good fortune over good planning and pessimists see the fact that the Fukushima accident did not produce massive fatalities in Japan as “homage to plain dumb luck.” The appropriate perspective on Fukushima must, however, include a basic awareness that the disaster could have easily been much worse in terms of loss of life and economic damage to Japan, and even surrounding countries. Equally, with modestly better advance preparation, none of the Fukushima reactors would have suffered any fuel damage. Due to a lack of preparation, the natural disaster of the 2011 earthquake set off a major man-made accident, caused by human error and institutional shortcomings, and from which we stand to learn many lessons in order to redouble efforts to improve nuclear safety.

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Posted on March 11, 2016 in Business & Economics, Law & Policy | Permalink | Comments (1)

Why Do I Live Here?

On Muslim youth growing up on the front lines of nationalist politics in Denmark.

by REVA JAFFE-WALTER

Refugee children from Syria at a clinic in northern Jordan. Photo by the UK Department for International Development. CC BY 2.0 via Wikipedia.

In 1943, when other European governments watched while Jews in their country were rounded up and deported to concentration camps, the Danish organized a nation-wide effort in which Danish fisherman carried close to 8,000 Jews across the Oresund sea to safety in nearby Sweden. Similarly, in 1983 when refugees were fleeing the Iran/Iraq war and violence in Palestine, Denmark welcomed them and led Europe in having the most generous humanitarian refugee policies offering the right to asylum, full legal rights and the same social benefits as Danish citizens.

Today, in stark contrast, Denmark has some of the most restrictive immigration and refugee policies in Europe. These policies reflect a dramatic shift from a posture of humanitarian outreach and compassion towards refugees to one focused on the increased restriction and policing of migrants and immigrants. Danish police patrol the border and the bridge between Sweden and Denmark to prevent Syrian refugees from entering. New laws emerge to deter migrants from seeking refuge in Denmark—such as the passage of a national law allowing the government to seize the personal assets of those applying for refugee status. Other laws, meanwhile, target Muslims already living in Denmark—including local mandates targeting school-age children that require that pork be served in elementary school lunch programs.

Denmark has some of the most restrictive immigration and refugee policies in Europe.

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Posted on March 10, 2016 in Anthropology, Politics | Permalink | Comments (0)

Texas, Abortion and the Power of the Supreme Court

What's at stake in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt.

by JOSHUA WILSON, Texas Tribune

"Keep Abortion Safe, Legal, and Accessible." Photo by Debra Sweet. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.

Last Wednesday, the U.S. Supreme Court heard Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, a case concerning the constitutionality of Texas's controversial 2013 abortion regulations. While the case does not stand to overrule Roe v. Wade and make abortion potentially illegal, it does contest the means and ends of the incremental and indirect fight against abortion. It could make abortion functionally inaccessible in large swaths of the country, furthering the disparities in state-by-state access that have been rapidly growing in recent years and encouraging the anti-abortion movement to increase its efforts. For this, it is the most important abortion case to be heard by the Court since the early 1990s—even before Justice Antonin Scalia's recent passing.

It is the most important abortion case to be heard by the Court since the early 1990s—even before Justice Antonin Scalia's recent passing.

Much of the discussion regarding the Texas abortion laws has focused on the clinics that these regulations have, and still could, force to close and the resulting distances that women in parts of the state will have to travel in order to access abortion. These closures are the result of increasing the costs of clinic operation brought on by a class of laws often called Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers, or TRAP laws, which create physical specifications for clinics as well as staffing and licensing requirements. The 2013 Texas state law at issue in this case mandates that abortion clinics meet surgical center standards and that doctors who perform abortions have admitting privileges at hospitals within 30 miles of the clinic. It also bans abortion at 20 weeks after fertilization.

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Posted on March 8, 2016 in Law & Policy, Politics | Permalink | Comments (0)

Flailing in the Dark

On indecision and the international intervention in Afghanistan.

by NOAH COBURN

Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, December 2008. Public domain via Wikipedia.

Last week’s renewed debate between President Barack Obama and Republicans in the Senate, reminds us how murky and poorly defined the goals and strategies of the so-called war on terror remain as it enters its fifteenth year. Nowhere is this ambiguity more apparent than in Afghanistan, the place where most of the Guantanamo detainees were first apprehended.

Beginning in 2006, I spent a year and a half working with a small group of potters in a picturesque town in the mountains north of Kabul. Even while the insurgency spread in the south and the east of the country, the town, which had been leveled by the Taliban, remained staunchly in favor of the international presence. Over the course of the next nine years, however, corrupt elections, an ineffective government and a sense that a small group of former warlords had largely taken over all the key resources, led to the growing sense that the international intervention had failed to fulfill its initial promises. Returning last spring, I was stopped in the grape fields below town by a roadblock set up by the Afghan Army. The soldiers lounging on their armored personnel carriers, gifts from the US Department of Defense, said that there was an ongoing operation in the villages above, to clear it of the Taliban.

The recent news coming out of Afghanistan has not been good. The UN recently reported that 2015 had the highest number of civilian casualties since they began tracking the number.

The recent news coming out of Afghanistan has not been good. The UN recently reported that 2015 had the highest number of civilian casualties since they began tracking the number, Afghans make up the second highest number of refugees after Syrians in the current wave of asylum-seekers, and the Taliban have retaken key districts in the south of the country.

Who is to blame for the situation?

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Posted on March 2, 2016 in Anthropology, Middle East Studies, Politics | Permalink | Comments (0)

Disentangling Colonialism’s Legacies

Did British colonization foster a rise in ethnic violence in India?

by AJAY VERGHESE

"Robert Clive and Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, 1757" by Francis Hayman. Public domain via Wikipedia.

Like many postcolonial states, India—the largest country ever colonized—has dealt with an immense amount of ethnic violence in contemporary times. The 2002 Hindu-Muslim riots in Gujarat, which left thousands dead,are only one of the most recent examples. In seeking to explain these conflicts, many Indians have pointed to the negative legacy of British colonialism. “The Hindu–Muslim problem is a gift of the English,” Bal Thackeray, the Shiv Sena leader, once bluntly put it; “It was they who took steps to divide Hindu and Muslim, Hindu and Sikh…They got maximum success dividing the Hindus and Muslims. For them, communal riots were games to be relished.” When I arrived in India in 2010 to study ethnic violence, a local priest offered a similar view: “All the conflict these days is because of the Britishers.”

How can we be sure that widespread ethnic violence did not already exist prior to British rule?

But this is a rather difficult thing to prove. For instance, how can we be sure that widespread ethnic violence did not already exist prior to British rule? The earliest recorded Hindu-Muslim riot in India dates back to the south Indian town of Mangalore in the 14^th century, some 300 years before any British official set foot on the subcontinent. A second vexing problem is determining whether or not colonialism simply coexisted with the true factors that created violence. For instance, the increase in Hindu-Muslim violence in the 19^th century that was blamed on British rule coincided with the rise of revivalist Hindu and Islamic religious movements. Suddenly, the links between colonialism and ethnic violence are not so clear.

One way to isolate the effects of colonialism on Indian ethnic violence is to take advantage of a unique feature of British rule on the subcontinent: colonial administrators only governed three-fourths of the population of India. The other one-fourth (in 1901, more than 60 million people) lived in territories called “princely states” that remained under the control of largely autonomous native kings. With the princely states, history has furnished us with something like a “control group” to help us answer the present question: Was it British colonialism that fostered ethnic violence in India, or are other more intrinsic factors also to blame?

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Posted on March 1, 2016 in Asian Studies, Politics | Permalink | Comments (1)

Inclusive Capitalism

Advice for entrepreneurs on alleviating poverty from the grassroots up.

by TED LONDON

In 1989 I traveled to Malawi, hoping to put my MBA and engineering skills to work as a Peace Corps volunteer. Over the course of two years I was tasked with advising some of poorest people in the world on how to enhance their business enterprises. The Peace Corps had always stressed that its volunteers would learn more than they would teach—and that was certainly true in my case. My Malawian colleagues were very smart and very creative, and though I’d come to help them and tell them what they should do to grow their businesses, beyond a little training in marketing, costing, or cash flow, they didn’t necessarily need me to tell them what they should do. The biggest impacts, I discovered, came from jointly innovating to create solutions that neither I, nor they, could have come up with or implemented on their own.

By the early millennium certain people, including my friend and advisor, Stuart Hart, started thinking about the role that profitable, scalable, impact enterprises could play in alleviating poverty. He and C.K. Prahalad wrote an influential article discussing the dormant entrepreneurial and commercial potential of the world’s 4 billion poorest people, who constitute the base of the economic pyramid. Their work highlighted an “invisible opportunity” to create a more inclusive capitalism and they called upon multinational corporations to reassess the assumptions they’d made about these markets as viable business prospects.

Today, the debate around the base of the pyramid has changed—we’re no longer asking Should we be doing this?, but rather, How can we do this better?

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Posted on February 23, 2016 in Business & Economics | Permalink | Comments (0)

Rebel, Rebel?

Revisiting the radical legacy of Michel Foucault via David Bowie.

by MITCHELL DEAN

"Michel Foucault, painted portrait" and "David Bowie, painted portrait" by Thierry Ehrman. CC BY 2.0 via Flickr (images have been edited into a composite).

In order to understand any major thinker and their legacy, it is important to consider their context—a truism that is very hard to put into practice, especially when the thinker in question belongs both to the recent past but is still very much a part of our present. In part, this explains the wealth of discussion swirling around the recent passing of a certain protean pop icon who left behind a singular era-defining legacy. It’s also for this reason that another standout cultural figure of the seventies—a certain French philosopher—has become so difficult to situate in our contemporary moment.

I speak, of course, of David Bowie and Michel Foucault whose political projects paralleled one another in intriguing ways. Whether in the intellectual works of the philosopher, or the records and performances of the artist, both men were concerned with questions of identity, whether sexual or personal; both focused on the persona or the construction of subjectivity rather than the more fixed humanist subject; both supported and even celebrated the marginal—whether incarnated as Bowie’s space alien or Foucault’s “abnormals” produced through disciplinary knowledges; and both made the experience of madness, transgression and intensity part of their art or thought. Both would also go on to develop an aesthetics of the self, turning life and ultimately death into a work of art or self-transformation. Blackstar, Bowie’s last album, was released days before he succumbed to cancer and Foucault’s final two volumes of History of Sexuality were published in the weeks preceding his death. With these swan songs, the pop star and the intellectual celebrity each died with a flourish and left us with work that spoke to and beyond their own deaths. Indeed, like this album, Foucault’s very last lectures, delivered when he surely suspected his condition was terminal, meditate on death and demise.

Whether in the intellectual works of the philosopher, or the records and performances of the artist, both men were concerned with questions of identity, whether sexual or personal; both focused on the persona or the construction of subjectivity rather than the more fixed humanist subject; and both supported and even celebrated the marginal.

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Posted on February 19, 2016 in Philosophy | Permalink | Comments (1)

A Presidential Affair

What the arrest of 5 Chinese booksellers reveals about the sexual politics of China.

by ELANAH URETSKY

18th National Congress of the Communist Part in China

The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. After this 2012 meeting, an unprecedented anti-corruption campaign, spearheaded by President Xi Jinping, commenced to root out abuse of power and other excesses in the Chinese government. Public domain via Wikipedia.

In January of 1998 news leaked that President Bill Clinton had engaged in ‘improper’ relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. People around the country debated whether a man with such moral character was fit to run the country. This carried over into Congressional hearings and Clinton eventually became the second president to be impeached, charged with perjury and obstruction of justice. He was later acquitted in the Senate, served out the rest of his term in the White House and went on to become a popular former president known for doing good around the world.

Now imagine the same scenario in China of a president having an affair with a woman outside his marriage, news being leaked to the media, and popular debates ensuing about his ability to rule the country. Having a hard time with that image? That’s probably because the Chinese government would never allow such a scenario to develop. Surely the president may have an affair but the government will go to any length, as we are now witnessing, to prevent the news from being leaked.

The individual in China is still expected, first and foremost, to be loyal to the state with expectations for representatives of the government and the Party to serve as moral role models.

Last fall five men connected with Hong Kong publisher, Mighty Current, and their affiliated bookstore, Causeway Bay Books, went missing—all are now confirmed to be in police detention in China. The publishing house, which is known for releasing books critical of the Chinese government, is thought to have been working on a tell-all book that would reveal sensitive information about Xi Jinping’s love life before he became president. The Chinese government has gone to great lengths to cover up any allegations that could be revealed in the book—crossing over sovereign territory into Hong Kong and Thailand to abduct these men, two of whom now hold citizenship with European countries, and clandestinely bringing them back to China. Sure, Clinton tried to cover up his relationship with Lewinsky—he knew, after all, that admitting to it would raise eyebrows and damage his political career. But as far as we know, he never committed a crime, impinged upon the rights of individuals, or disregarded international norms to cover up or erase his indiscretion. The stakes were also a lot lower for Clinton—despite social and personal fallout, ultimately he retained his role as president. Xi Jinping or any Chinese leader, on the other hand, would certainly face the end of their career, and maybe more, upon the exposure of an extramarital affair.

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Posted on February 18, 2016 in Anthropology, Asian Studies, Politics | Permalink | Comments (1)